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HomeMy WebLinkAbout20181003AGENDA HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION FOR WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND Workshop room #2001 WASHINGTON COUNTY ADMINISTRATION BUILDING 100 WEST WASHINGTON STREET October 3, 2018 7:00PM M REGULAR MEETING AGENDA - 7:00 PM A. Call to Order & Roll Call B. Minutes — September 5, 2018 C. Communications & Bills D. Unfinished Business E. Budget F. New Business 1. Review and Recommendation -Application for National Register listing Cool Hollow House, 9302 Old National Pike, Hagerstown G. Other Business H. Closed Session I. Adjournment * = written material enclosed \HDC\A Oct 3 2018.DOC NOTICE IS GIVEN THAT THE HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION MAY MEET IN CLOSED SESSION PURSUANT TO SECTION 10.508, STATE GOVERNMENT ARTICLE, ANNOTATED CODE OF MARYLAND. INDIVIDUALS REQUIRING SPECIAL ACCOMMODATIONS ARE REQUESTED TO CONTACT THE WASHINGTON COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT. CONTACT PLANNING DEPARTMENT AT (240) 313-2430 VOICEITDD TO MAKE ARRANGEMENTS NO LATER THAN TEN (10) WORKING DAYS PRIOR TO THE MEETING. Joins MapE21 600,000 FT) (420 C MAP flfln pTHA E 0Rp L" F BEP6E c O O r;. r.. _ _ems 19100 5/�l PaF I RO 2 V 40 James CG "MM E W1 SfL133 NG EAR WDUS i 4 MARYLAND 'GORY TRAIRIN !66[p flp RDXRUnv coSTITL tJ1ONill J\ t ', ,LQCA77oAt MAP AJ A r. Phtf N ACRE ROXBUsRY EST$ Hi L NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 10024-0018 (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form Is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Registerof Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each Item by marking 'X' in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items. 1. Name of Property historic name Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home other names WA -11-195 2. Location street & number 9302 Old National Pike city or town state Maryland code MD county Washington code 043 3. State/Federal Agency Certification ❑ not for publication ❑ vicinity zip code 21740 As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this ❑ nomination ❑ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property ❑ meets ❑ does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant ❑ nationally ❑ statewide ❑ locally. (❑ See continuation sheet for additional comments). Signature of certifying official/Title State or Federal agency and bureau my Signature of certifying official/Title Date State or Federal agency and bureau 4. National Park Service Certification I hereby, certify that this property is: ❑ entered in the National Register. ❑ See continuation sheet. ❑ determined eligible for the National Register. ❑ See continuation sheet. ❑ Determined not eligible for the National Register. ❑ removed from the National Register. ❑ other (explain): Signature of the Keeper Date of Action Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home (WA -11-195) Washington County, Maryland Name of Property County and State 5. Classification Ownership of Property Category of Property Number of Resources within Property (Check as many boxes as apply) (Check only one box) (Do not include previously listed resources in the count) M Private ❑ building(s) Contributing Noncontributing ❑ public -local ❑ district 4 1 buildings ❑ public -State ❑ site 4 sites ❑ public -Federal ❑ structure structures ❑ object objects 8 1 Total Name of related multiple property listing number of contributing resources previously (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing) listed in the National Register 6. Function or Use Historic Functions Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions) (Enter categories from Instructions) DOMESTIC/Single Dwelling DOMESTIC/Single Dwelling 7. Description Architectural Classification Materials (Enter categories from instructions) (Enter categories from instructions) FEDERAL/GREEK REVIVAL foundation Stone Walls Brick Roof Standing Seam/Metal Other Wood Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets) NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 7 Page 1 Description Summary: OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home (WA -11-195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State Cool Hollow House, a c.1823 Federal/Greek Revival style farmhouse of brick construction on fieldstone foundations, rests on a sloping, narrow strip of land comprising of approximately 7 acres between the Old National Pike and the east side of the Antietam Creek. The five bay house, with a two bay 1 V2 story wing on the north end, has a central entrance, covered by a one bay, one story temple form porch with large square pillars. The interior retains its original, simple, but elegant woodwork. General Description: Cool Hollow House, a c.1823 Federal/Greek Revival style farmhouse of brick construction, resides on land comprising of 6.92 acres between the Old National Pike, and the east side of the Antietam Creek. The property is the remnant of once large farm of 180 acres dating to the first quarter of the 19th century at least. This farm was owned for more than a century by the Emmert and Schindel families, both prominent surnames in Washington County history. The property occupied both sides of the Old National Pike and in addition to the main house; it included several smaller tenant houses, and a collection of stone barns, three spring houses and other outbuildings. The farm included a strip of land on the west bank of the Antietam, with an 18th century mill complex, now in ruin, which the current plot still retains. The landscape and buildings still retain their authentic 19th century character. Cool Hollow House faces east toward the Old National Pike and South Mountain. A paved, circular drive begins immediately adjacent to the Cool Hollow Culvert (WA -II -131), a stone arch bridge built in the early part of the 19th century during the construction of the National Road, begun in 1811. The house sits on gently sloping ground, descending to the banks of the Antietam Creek. The home is surrounded by sprawling lawns, inhabited by venerable trees, including Oak, Walnut, and Sycamore. The property includes considerable water frontage on the Antietam, having land on both the east, and west banks. The village of Funkstown is exactly 3 miles northwest on the Old National Pike, and the village of Boonsboro is approximately 4 %2 miles to the southeast. Within the immediate vicinity of nominated property, three other Maryland Historic properties reside. The 18th -19th century Tollgate House (WA -II -177), sits to the north. Lone Pine Farm, the nominated property's original stone bank barn, with a date of 1793 in the rafter, and a tenant house (WA -II -206), sits directly to the south. Diagonally across the Old National Pike is Hillside Lake Farm (WA -I-420). NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 7 Page 2 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow I-louse/Emmert's Home (WA -11-195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State Cool Hollow House is a 2 %2 story five bay brick dwelling resting on limestone foundations, with a 2 bay, 1 % story brick wing projecting from the north end with small gable roof dormers. The front elevation is formal with five bays and a central entrance. Bricks are laid in Common bond, or American bond on all sides, with five stretcher rows to each row of headers. Heavy wooden lintels above the openings with projecting, decorative corner blocks enhance the front elevation. Substantial molded wooden cornices span the front and rear elevations at the roofline. Large brick chimneys at each end gable of the main block, and at the end gable of the wing are located inside the walls. Standing seam sheet metal finishes the roof terminating with barge boards set directly against the end walls. The main entrance is covered by a one bay, one story temple form porch with a heavily molded pediment, and large square pillars. Simple, but heavy balustrades link the pillars to the structure. The tall six panel door is crowned by a transom with diamond shaped panes, and surrounded by deep, raised panel molding. The north wing contains a recessed porch along the entire front elevation, a typical feature of the region in the 18th and 19th centuries. Off of this porch, a six panel coffin door with a simple three light transom and deep, raised panel molding leads to the formal drawing room. A two panel service door with glazing on the upper half, and a transom leads to the old kitchen, and a window with two panes of bullseye glass, (reportedly brought to the United States from an ancient English house by a former owner) sits beside the service door. Windows have six over six pane sashes, and are held with narrow frames finished with a bead at the inside edge. All windows on the first floor are flanked with four panel shutters, while the upper floors have louvered shutters with stationary slats. The south end of the house contains one window on each level at the southwest coiner. Both ends of the main block and the end of the north wing, have a pair of six pane hinged windows in the attic level flanking the chimney. In the early -mid 20th century, a screened -in porch was constructed on the rear of the north wing, and was converted into a four season room surrounded by windows on three sides in the 1960s. Interior: The front entrance opens into a full length formal stair and entrance hall, with rooms on either side. The modified Georgian floorplan, that once consisted of two rooms on each side of the center hall, was modified to two large rooms in the mid -20th century, however all original moldings and flooring remain. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 7 Page 3 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home (WA -11-195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State The staircase rises against the north wall of the entrance hall, and gently ascends to a slight curve at the landing, turning back on itself and rising again to the second floor. The walnut newel post is heavy and simply turned, with a more delicate hand rail and simple turned balusters that taper slightly. Entrance hall molding is deep with raised panels on both the vertical and horizontal surfaces. The same molding is in the room to the left of the hall. All other trim in the house is more simple; symmetrically molded, with corner blocks. Mantelpieces are bulky with carved, raised panels and tapering columns. The north wing contains a massive service fireplace with simple mantle and its original cranes. A steep set of winder stairs leads to the large %2 story bedroom above. The main section of the house sits on a full stone cellar with a generous crawl space beneath the wing. Built directly on top of the stone bedrock, the limestone shelf can be seen protruding through the east wall of the basement. Additional Buildings: In addition to the main house, there are three other service buildings remaining on the property located behind the home. A stone spring house, built into the slope is one story at the front and two at the back with two rooms separated by a brick wall. An early 20th century frame potting shed, built on older stone foundations, extends off the rear side of the spring house. Underground through a wooden door in the potting shed, a stone root cellar resides. Beyond the springhouse and coy pond installed in the mid -20th century, along the banks of the Antietam Creek, an 18th century stone forge without its roof sits surrounded by ancient Walnut trees. The forge retains its massive raised stone fireplace, and characteristic low windows in the front elevation. A mid-century three stall garage with mechanics pit stands to the south of the house. Additional Sites: On the west bank of the Antietam Creek on property belonging to the main plot, the ruin of an 18th century mill complex remains. The stone foundations, walls, and a dug mill race remain undisturbed. The 1794 map of Washington County Maryland, by Dennis Griffith (Figure 1) shows the site as a Powder Mill. The nominated property also contains another site that was a Fulling and Dyeing Mill operated by Henry Funk' prior to 1812. Cottingham D., "Our Legacy in Stone," The Daily Mail (Hagerstown, MD), October 22, 1964 NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 7 Page 4 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home (WA -11-195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State Residing at the bottom of a dug well in the front lawn is a cave opening that leads to the Cool Hollow Well Cave, a formation in the limestone bedrock, listed by the National Geological Survey2. The cave is one of the thirty listed caves in Washington County, Maryland. Washington County contains nearly sixty percent of the known, listed caves in the state of Maryland3. The opening to the cave can be seen at the bottom of the well. Additionally, the property includes an intact brick -domed cistern located directly behind the home, date and materials congruent with the construction of the main house. Resource Count: 4 contributing buildings 1 non-contributing building 4 contributing sites Evaluation of Integrity: Cool Hollow House is a fine example of a transitional Federal/Greek Revival style country home from west central Maryland. The house and its dependencies remain highly intact with key components- design, layout, and woodwork -all present. The setting in which the property and buildings sit is largely unchanged since the mid -19th century. The contributing factors of the nomination are the significant early -mid 19th century architecture, unspoiled 18th century mill complex site on the property, proof of civil war skirmishes on the farm, a section of the original National Road, the listed Cool Hollow Well cave, and its prominent location on the Antietam Creek along the Old National Pike render this property historically significant. Therefore, Cool Hollow House retains a high level of integrity of location, setting, materials, design, workmanship, feeling, and association with historical events. Franz, R.; Slifer, D. (1971). Maryland Geological Survey's Caves of Maryland, Maryland Geological Survey. pp. 72-73. IBID, pp. 8-9 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home (WA -II -195) Name of Property 8. Statement of S Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing) A Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad pattern of our history. ❑ B Property associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. ® D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (Mark "x' in all the boxes that apply) Property is: ❑ A owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes. ❑ B removed from its original location. ❑ C a birthplace or grave. ❑ D a cemetery. ❑ E a reconstructed building, object, or structure. ❑ F a commemorative property. ❑ G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance within the past 50 years. Narrative Statement of Significance (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets) Washington County, Maryland County and State (Enter categories from instructions) ARCHITECTURE ARCHEOLOGY MANUFACTURING/COMMERCE MILITARY Period of Significance 1790-1863 Significant Dates 1823 July 9-10, 1863 Significant Person (Complete if Criterion B is marked above) Cultural Affiliation Architect/Builder 9. Major Bibliographical References Bibliography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets) Previous documentation on files (NPS): Primary location of additional data: ❑ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 ® State Historic Preservation Office CFR 67) has been requested ❑ Other State agency ❑ previously listed in the National Register ❑ Federal agency ❑ previously determined eligible by the National Register ❑ Local government ❑ designated a National Historic Landmark ❑ University ❑ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey ❑ Other # Name of repository: ❑ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 1 Summary Statement of Significance: OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/tnmert'sHome (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State Cool Hollow House (MIHP # WA -II -195) is locally significant under National Register Criterion C as a fine example of a vernacular adaption of a late Federal/Greek Revival style farmhouse. The home is significant for its large scale, and simple, stylistic attributes, that define an early example. Built c. 1823 during the peak years of the westward expansion, the large brick house with its elegant temple form porch and large chimneys sits prominently on the National Road, built to impress. Located at the only point where the Antietam Creek meets the National Road between Fumkstown and Boonsboro, this particular site makes its location a critical point along the route. Early deeds read that travelers are allowed to use the natural springs located on the grounds. The nominated property derives additional significance under National Register Criterion D, for the archeological potential of the mill sites and well/cave on the property. The 18th century mill complex on the property is shown on the 1794 Dennis Griffith map of Maryland (Figure 1) as a Powder Mill. The ruin is an undisturbed example of an early mill complex along the Antietam Creek. Another possible ruin of an early 19th century fulling and dyeing mill run by Henry Funk4, sits on the property near the Cool Hollow Culvert on the run-off from Beaver Creek. These sites offer potential to yield important information regarding manufacturing and commerce in the nation's early history. The Cool Hollow Well, a 35 foot deep man-made well that intersects a largely unexplored cave formation in the Elbrook limestone beneath the front lawn, also has potential to yield information important to prehistory or history. Cool Hollow House is significant under National Register Criterion A, as a site of documented Civil War skirmishes. During the retreat from Gettysburg, both the Confederate and Union forces engaged along the National Road between Boonsboro and Funkstown on the days of July 8-12, 1863. On July 9th thru July 1 1th battle was joined by Confederate and Union cavalry forces on the Cool Hollow Farm owned by the prominent Schindel family. The period of significance c. 1823 represents the date of construction of Cool Hollow House, and the period of significance of July 8-12, 1863 represents the Civil War skirmishes and encampments that took place around the home. Resource History and Historic Context: Historic Context 4 Cottingham D., "Our Legacy in Stone," The Daily Mail (Hagerstown, MD), October 22, 1964 NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 2 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State Cool Hollow House represents an important piece of regional history, rooted in the rich agricultural and manufacturing opportunities that Washington County provided in the 18th and 19th centuries. The home is significant as well due to the fighting that took place around it in 1863 during the Civil War. "A few pioneering farmers and fur traders initially settled the area in the 1730s and 1740s. At that time Lord Baltimore had just opened Maryland's frontier or "back country" for settlement, and Germans were migrating through the area to create settlements in Virginia. Seeking to develop the back portions of Maryland, Lord Baltimore began to encourage settlement on his colony's frontier. Speculators from eastern Maryland responded by acquiring large tracts for subdivision and resale to German farmers. As settlement progressed, political divisions of the frontier occurred. Until 1748, the land was part of Prince George's County. Afterward it was Frederick County until 1776 when Washington County was formed. Settlement was sparse until the close of the French and Indian War in 1763 and the end of Pontiac's rebellion the following year. Thereafter, settlement progressed rapidly as transportation routes improved and word of the rich farmland in the Cumberland and Shenandoah valleys spread. The land was made fertile by numerous limestone outcrops, which give special visual character to the landscape as well as providing material for buildings and fences. The English speculators who had acquired large grants of land as investments began to subdivide and sell into smaller lots of 100-300 acres which were ideal for a profitable family farm. These farms were divided into fields of 20-40 acres and planted with small grains and corn or clover. Other lands were left in pasture and woodlots, as the process of clearing the land was slow. Woodlot and pasture functions were often combined in areas where rock outcrops made cultivation difficult. Allowing cattle and hogs to forage through woodlands helped to keep them open and clear. While the valley lands of Washington County were easily converted to the general/grain farming traditions carried on by German and Pennsylvania -German immigrants, the mountains bordering the valleys on the east and west provided different opportunities for development. Covered with old growth trees and laden with iron ore, the mountains were soon home to several iron furnace operations. The Green Spring Furnace, nestled within the North Mountain ranges to the west, was established in 1765 by Lancelot Jacques and Thomas Johnson.' The insatiable need for wood to provide charcoal for the furnaces ensured that previously forested mountain land was eventually cleared. Through the first half of the 19th century, the west -central region of Maryland became known for grain production. Grain was sold in bulk, or processed into flour and meal, or NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 3 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome (WA-lI-195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State distilled into whiskey. These commodities were shipped to markets in Baltimore or Philadelphia. Shipping from western Maryland was a problem, and hindered the growth and prosperity associated with grain production. There was no reliable inland water route to the farming areas, although navigation of the Potomac River was seasonally available from the 1790s through 1828. Road transportation served as the primary artery for the freight hauling needs of the region. Maryland, therefore promoted turnpike development, although most of these toll routes were privately funded. The output and growth in population in the western areas of Maryland encouraged construction and improvement of roads. In 1806 the Federal government began the construction of a highway that would lead to the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase lands comprising much of the central portion of the United States. The "National Road" began in Cumberland, Maryland partly following the old Braddock Road, a rough wagon track established by explorers and traders, and led to Wheeling in Virginia (West Virginia) and later on to Terre Haute, Indiana. The main wagon road from Baltimore to Cumberland, a collection of privately owned and operated turnpike segments that ran through the heart of Washington County was eventually upgraded and consolidated to become part of the National Road system. The National Pike, as it became known, was one of the most heavily traveled east -west routes in America with traffic passing all hours of the day and night."5 Military Context General Robert E. Lee began his retreat from Gettysburg on July 4, 1863 after a grueling battle with the Union Army. Lee's plan was to retreat through Maryland over South Mountain by way of Cashtown, Hagerstown and Williamsport, and cross the Potomac at the latter and into the relative safety of Virginia. "Time was of the essence, and Lee's army had a substantial head start on Meade. Most of the Southern army passed through Fairfield Gap and Monterey Pass. The goal was Williamsport, but whether they would reach it in time -and safely cross the river - remained an open question in the minds of many Confederate soldiers."6 Major General George G. Meade led the Union Army in chase through the farmlands of Pennsylvania and into Maryland. Combat, including raids, cavalry battles, and skirmishes occurred at several places beginning at Fairfield, Pa July 3, 1863. Some of the heaviest fighting of the retreat occurred in the rich farmland between Funkstown and Boonsboro, MD. Much of the conflict was along the National Road on July 8 -July 12, 1863. This area was no stranger to 5 NRHP Reference #11000882, WA -V-015 6 Wittenberg, p. 341 NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 4 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow HousefEmmert'sHome (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State war as it was in the same general area that a year before had seen the bloodiest single day of battle in American history, the Battle of Antietam. The final battle was on July 23, 1863 at Manassas Gap, Va. thus ending the Gettysburg Campaign. The Battle of Boonsboro took place on July 8, 1863. Major General J.E.B. Stuart commanded five cavalry brigades on a mission to prevent the Union Army from intercepting Lee's forces, thus cutting off their escape across the Potomac into Virginia. The battle began in the morning along the National Road beginning four and a half miles north of the village of Boonsboro at the Beaver Creek Bridge. Stuart rode south from Funkstown and intercepted Brig. General H. Judson Kilpatrick at this location. They fought all day across the mud soaked fields north of the town of Boonsboro culminating in what was the largest cavalry battle in Maryland during the campaign. Heavy fighting took place until after 7pm, when the crumbling Union forces were reinforced by the Union infantry, thus sending Stuart back north towards Funkstown. "After being driven back across Beaver Creek, the Confederates took up a strong defensive position approximately four miles northwest of the day's battlefield."` The location of this campsite is a field diagonally across from the nominated property. The evening of July 9, 1863 provided much action on the nominated property as Union Brigadier General John Buford ordered General Thomas Devin to search out the positions of the Confederate army known to be camped around the location of the nominated property. "Late on the afternoon of July 9, orders came for the Northern horsemen to mount up. Around 4:00 p.m., Buford ordered Devin to reconnoiter the Confederate positions west of the Beaver Creek bridge between the towns of Boonsboro and Funkstown. While scouting, Devin encountered a detachment of cavalry and artillery left by Stuart on high ground near his main line. About 5:30, Devin deployed a line of mounted ski mishers to sweep the left flank of the Confederates as far as a bend in Antietam Creels. Lt. Albert O. Vincent's combined batteries B and L, 2nd U.S. Artillery, supported the horse soldiers. Devin dismounted two squadrons and, connecting with elements of Gamble's brigade on the left, advanced against the enemy line. Ferguson's Brigade held a prominent ridge overlooking the "Boonsboro Road, and a battery of horse artillery under Capt. Thomas E. Jackson supported him. Grumble Jones rode up with his brigade on the right of Jackson's guns, while Chambliss' Brigade pulled up on the left. Three full brigades of Stuart's horse soldiers now held a strong position on the high ground overlooking Antietam Creek. Wittenberg, p. 636 NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 5 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome (WA -l1-195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State One company of the 17th Virginia Cavalry deployed as skirmishers. As their Yankee opposites advanced, both sides dashed for a rail fence about 300 hundred yards in front of each side's main line. The Virginians won the foot race and unleashed a potent volley in the faces of the Federals, who tried to use the protection of waist -high corn to cover their advance. The Southerners swept each row with their rifle fire, inflicting severe casualties. While the skirmishers dueled, Vincent's Union artillery picked out targets and opened on Ferguson's and Chambliss' positions. "The air above our heads seemed to be full of splinters, bark, and bullets but we were thus far safe and unhurt as the enemies [sic] bullets mostly struck the top of the fence or went over our heads," recalled a member of the 17th Virginia. Their position grew untenable when Chambliss' troopers gave way under Vincent's artillery fire, their withdrawal exposing Ferguson's left flank. When Chambliss' line crumbled, Devin's troopers advanced quickly against it. After a short and sharp fight, Devin's skirmishers took the crest while the left squadron ran into a large camp of Stuart's cavalry and quickly dispersed it. "The federal cavalry had advanced on the road so far as to nearly cut us off and I distinctly heard loud commands to halt, but in the confusion supposed it was our officers getting their men into line but it was not, it was the enemy, who had nearly overtaken us," wrote Virginia trooper James Hodam, who had advanced with his company and carried off a wounded comrade, all while suffering from a wound of his own. As his comrades fell back in the face of the powerful Union attacks, Hodam stumbled. Covered with his own blood, and feeling weak and sick, he leaned against a fence along the road in an effort to catch his breath. Pressing their advantage, Devin's and Gamble's brigades drove the Confederates. "[We] drove them about 2 miles like fun," one of Gamble's troopers later recounted. One member of the 8th New York succinctly described the action. "Out again. Found the rebels about 5 p.m. and made them get, up and get. Sometimes they run us and sometimes we run them until they brought up their infantry and we had to leave," recalled a member of the 1st Virginia Cavalry. Stuart called upon Chew's Battery of horse artillery to help "fend off the enemy attack. With darkness settling on the field, Chew's guns were only able to fire a couple rounds before it was too difficult to find suitable targets. Devin's men bivouacked on the field. It had been another good day for "Buford's Hard Hitter," as Devin was known to men in Buford's division. "The enemy contested the ground with their usual earnestness," noted one of Gamble's Hoosiers, "but were forced back beyond Beaver Creek. The battle continued until late in evening and we stayed in NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 6 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome (WA -11-195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State line of battle." Pleasonton proposed that Devin be promoted to brigadier general and assume the position left vacant by Elon Farnsworth's death at Gettysburg."8 On the morning of July 10, the Union Army swept north from Boonsboro to Funkstown. The Union Army soon encountered Confederate forces after passing over Beaver Creek on the National Road.9 The confederates were driven "beyond Antietam on the left and to Funkstown on this road,"70 thus beginning the Battle of Funkstown south of the village. Following the Battle, the Union established a line running from the nominated property east towards Doub's Mill along the general line of Cool Hollow Road, establishing breastworks and entrenchments and remained until July 12.11 On the afternoon of July 11, three additional skirmishes occurred within the close vicinity of the nominated property. l2 Cool Hollow House represents an important piece of history resting on the National Road, one of the most important routes travelled, and fought along during the Civil War in Maryland. The nominated property hosted numerous skirmishes July 8-11, 1863, Confederate campsites on July 9, and Union campsites and entrenchments July 10-12. The property's prominent location three miles south of Funkstown and four and a half miles north of Boonsboro, is the only point between the two villages where the National Road curves to parallel the Antietam Creek. High grounds on the right forced the road to bisect the property, making this an ideal strategic location for both the north and south. The house stands as a rare witness to some of the most interesting, and tumultuous times in our nation's history. Architectural Context Farmhouses in mid -central Maryland vary greatly in both style and construction. When settlement began in the early part of the 18th century, log was the preferred material used to build dwellings. Some of the wealthier families used the readily available limestone that was abundant in the Cumberland Valley area of Washington County. While very few of the log structures survive, or have been covered over by wooden clapboards, or shingle, the stone structures endured far better. ' Wittenberg, pp. 685-687 9 United States War Department. War of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington D.C. 1880-1901. Series 1— Vol. 27 (Part I) p. 90 ° Wittenberg, p.700-70 1 ''United States War Department. Series I — Vol. 27 (Part I) p. 302 12 IBID p. 663 NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 7 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State As the 19th century dawned, brick was still a rather rare material used in construction, although they could be found. "When 18th century brick farmhouses do occur they are distinguished by the presence of water tables, Flemish bond facades and common bond secondary walls with three or four courses of stretcher rows to each header row. Much more common among mid -Maryland brick farmhouses are those from the 1820-1900 period."13 The evolution of the Washington County farmhouse began with the Germanic influences of the first settlers. These dwellings composed of a plan with a central chimney, and several rooms clustered around it. The houses could be either one or two stories high. After the arrival of the British settlers a more formal hall and parlor plan was introduced with interior or exterior chimneys. Although the dwelling came in many forms the most common was a three or five bay plan with a side wing or rear "ell". Usually the "ell" contained the kitchen and perhaps in the wealthier homes, quarters for the domestic help.14 Cool Hollow House is an elegant example of a Washington County vernacular adaption of the Federal/Greek Revival style with a modified Georgian floorplan. Other area farmhouses built through the mid -19th century would commonly adapt Greek Revival features into their design and plan, however Cool Hollow House stands out as a rather elegant example with refined details applied. The heavy wooden lintels with corner blocks, temple form porch with heavy pediment, and deep cornice, are examples of such details. The design elements and construction methods of Cool Hollow House put the dwelling into the later part of the first quarter, or very early part of second quarter of the 19th century. The house exhibits characteristics of a transitional Federal/Greek Revival styles, leaning heavier to the latter. It is appropriate to suggest the date of construction c.1823, due to historic facts, newspaper articles, and early crudely cut machine made nails with irregular handmade heads found during restoration, that date the house from the 1790's-1820's.ts Similar to Cool Hollow House, in style and construction, are the Sherrick House (MIHP #WA -II -334), built in 1834 near Sharpsburg, and Greystone Manor (WA -HAG - 093) c.1835. These dwellings, like Cool Hollow House, are more formal farmhouses with five bays providing a symmetrical, central entrance and center stair hall. The dwellings respectively also retain prominent Greek Revival features including the prominent Greek -styled portico, similarly stylized interior mantels, moldings, and stairway. 13 Ditto Knolls, WA -II -093, MIIiP docmnentation, 1978. c.1790-1810 is a good example of an early Washington County brick farmhouse in a transitional Georgian/Federal taste. 14 Paula S. Reed & Assoc, "Mid -Maryland: An Agricultural History and Historic Context," draft, Frederick, MD: Catoctin Center for Regional Studies, 2006, Chapter 5. IS Nelson, L. (November 1968). Nail Chronology as an Aid to Dating Old Buildings: American Association for State and Local History Technical leaflet 48. History News 23, No. 11, p. 6 retrieved from http://files.umwblogs.org/b logs. dir/7608/files/nail_chronology.pdf NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 8 Geological/Archeological Context OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State Caves are not as common in Maryland as they are in other states such as Virginia. Finding them in the state border is somewhat of a rarity. The first discovery and study of caves began in the mid -18th Century. "While it's perfectly true that Maryland is not exactly vying for underground prominence with, say, our neighbor the Commonwealth of Virginia, with its 2,000 -plus caves, or Alabama, with over 1,000 caves catalogued, the Maryland cave picture is not quite what the wits occasionally imply. Cave studies here have come a long way since their inauspicious beginnings in the mid -18th Century, when Joseph Spangenberg made reference in Moravian Journals to a cave believed to have been the one now known as Busheys Cavern. This same cave, then called "Hughes' Cave," was one of two listed for Maryland in Dr. Louis Feuchtwanger's 1859 Treatise on Gems. A Maryland cave attained a considerable measure of scientific stature in the very early years of the 20th Century when the great American paleontologist, James William Gidley, began his extensive excavations in the Pleistocene deposits of the Bone Cave near Cumberland. It remains today one of the finest such fossil discoveries ever made." i6 By the end of the second quarter of the 20th Century the number of registered caves on the Maryland State list was still only five, as recorded by Robert Morgan in his "Partial Index to All the Known Caves of the World". hi 1950 Bill Davies published "The Caves of Maryland, Bulletin 7 of the Maryland Department of Geology, Mines and Water Resources." Davies' survey, reprinted with an appendix in 1952, contained general comments on cave science, and descriptions of some 54 caves as they were known at that time. A decade later, members of the Baltimore Grotto (chapter) of the National Speleological Society, responding to a need for up-to-date information on local caves, organized the Maryland Cave Survey. Several workers added considerably to our knowledge of the state's underground before this initial Survey became inactive. Periodic reports on their work appeared in publications of the National Speleological Society, notably the Baltimore Grotto News. In late 1965, Dick Franz and Dennis Slifer reactivated the Maryland Cave Survey, bringing to it both the spelunker's zeal and the investigative depth required to make a first-rate speleological study. Working with other members of the National Speleological Society, most of them Marylanders, their efforts have culminated in this extensive new book on the caves of Maryland." 17 Caves around the Mid -Atlantic Region such as Luray Caverns, or Crystal Grottos, have become a major attraction, and source of information into our Prehistoric past. "Our caves are part of the natural heritage of America. In recent years we have become more and more aware of their tb Franz, R.; Slifer, D. (1971). Maryland Geological Survey's Caves of Maryland, Maryland Geological Survey. pp. iii 17 mm NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 9 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome (WA -H-195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State aesthetic and scientific values to mankind. They are ancient phenomena. They have their own unique geological and mineralogical formations, and are inhabited by remarkable living things adapted to their very special environments. The evolutionary processes which have produced caves and their marvels required a great investment of the world's iv time. Like any other aspect of our natural heritage, they should be treated with intelligence and responsibility. Unfortunately, though, as is the case with much of our environment we are both loving and vandalizing many of them to death. Man had developed the questionable ability to destroy many of the inexorable works of eons. And so, it must be uppermost in the minds of those who read this book and use its information for whatever purposes, that all who enter the underground are privileged visitors. That caves, if they are to survive as living museums, laboratories, nature preserves, challenges, or just plain curiosities, must be treated with all the respect due their fragile grandeur and inestimable value."18 The Cool Hollow Well is one of these finds. It can be surmised that while digging the well during early settlement, they broke through the karst terrain into an underground formation with heavy water flow. More than a century after the discovery, the well had gone dry, and a partial collapse of the stone wall near the bottom revealed once again the entrance to the cave. "Cool Hollow Well Washington County, Funkstown Quadrangle Location: C 5/1/3 Elevation: 440. At the base of a 35 foot man made well, in the front yard of Mr. Long's "Cool Hollow House", near Funkstown, there is a low passage which trends southwest for at least 20 feet. The passage was exposed by a partial collapse of the rock lining the well. It would require digging in order to enter but a mass of loose rock directly overhead makes this unwise. Definite solutional pockets were observed on the ceiling. The cave is in the Elbrook Limestone." 19 Commerce Context Settlement of the Western Maryland was delayed from the rest of the state due to the lack of adequate roadways that led to the frontier. It began in the beginning part of the 18th century, and picked up considerably in the later part. The history of industry in western Maryland is centered almost exclusively in what is now Washington County. In 1732 Lord Baltimore announced that his vast land holdings in Western Maryland, were open for settlement. Early settlers were mainly English and German and took to farming. Transportation challenges in the region meant that it was difficult for most farmers to find places to have their wheat ground. This resulted in gristmills popping up on virtually every stream in '8mm 19 Franz, R.; Slifer, D. (1971). Maryland Geological Survey's Caves of Maryland, Maryland Geological Survey. pp. 72-73. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 10 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State Washington County that provided enough waterpower to run a mill.20 Narrower than the Monocacy and Concocheague Rivers, Antietam Creek was easier to build and operate mills on and quickly became populated with such mills21. There were so many mills in fact, that lawsuits often ensued when water rights and usage came into question22. Early mills were run on a custom basis, however around the mid -18th century a second type of operation began to emerge: the merchant mill. These mills were market -oriented and shipped their products to Baltimore. The merchant mill became the bedrock of industry in eastern Washington County. While most were grist and saw mills, there was also fulling and dying, gunpowder, and distillery mills. Iron furnaces and forges was another major industry. The most famous of these businesses were the Mt. Aetna Iron Furnace and the Antietam Forge and Mill, both near the Potomac River near Virginia along the Antietam Creek. "The rise of the iron industry in Washington County is largely attributable to the Hughes family, which erected at least four forges in Washington County, Maryland and neighboring Franklin County, Pennsylvania. These forges and furnaces were run largely with slave and indentured labor, and played an important role in the Revolutionary War as manufacturers of canon for the Continental Army." 23 Transportation of goods during the 18th and early 19th century in the Washington County area was difficult because of under -developed roads. Goods would need to travel through the steep and narrow pass of Turner's Gap to get to Frederick. From Frederick, merchant roads of better quality led east to Baltimore and south to Georgetown. Although Maryland legislation recognized and appropriated funding for improvements to Turner's Gap as early as 177424, it was still a difficult trip for merchant wagons until the 1810's. In 1811, merchants along the Antietam Creek approached the Potomac Company, which had begun work on the Potomac and Monocacy Rivers in 1784, to discuss making the creek navigable by boat from the Pennsylvania line to the Potomac River. This would aid easy and timely transport of goods south to Georgetown and Alexandria. The Potomac Company's assessment called for the construction of 21 locks and the conversion of 19 millraces into boat canals with an initial cost estimate of $20,000. In 1812, farmers and merchants along the Antietam Creek agreed to loan the Potomac Company over $20,000 which would be repaid by 20Chidester, R. C. (2004). A Historic Context for the Archaeology of Industrial Labor in the State of Maryland. On file in the Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park 2' Guzy, D. (2003) Maryland Historical Magazine Vol. 98, No. 3 (FALL 2003) p. 282 22 Stonebraker, p.16 23 Chidester, R. C. (2004). 24 Report on the Highways of Maryland (1899). Maryland Geological Survey Commission pp. 143-144 NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 11 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool I-Iallow House/Emmert'sHome (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State future toll revenue. By 1813, construction of 10 locks along the Antietam Creek had begun. Immediately encountering labor and financial issues, the project was slow in progression and eventually suspended in 1814. In 1815, the Potomac Company attempted to revive the project in part between Hagerstown and the Potomac River but failed.25 Since transporting goods by water wasn't possible, there was a renewed emphasis on road improvements. In 1822, work on the turnpike between Hagerstown and Boonsboro had begun. The completion of this ten mile stretch "finished the line of travel from the seaboard to the west, through the valley so long isolated."26 When it was completed in 1824, it was the first macadamized road in the United States and established the standard of roads moving forward throughout the nation. Shortly after the road's opening, Mrs. Royall, of Baltimore, accounts her travel: "Better horses, or a better road is not to be found in the world, than the road from Boonsboro to Hagerstown. The road is a great curiosity, being turnpike with white stone, broken into small regular pieces, and laid as firm as the original rock. No floor could be more level; it was one entire smooth pavement. It appeared more like sailing or flying rather than riding over land: not ajar nor ajolt the whole way. "27 The nominated property is one of the most recognizable buildings and locations along this historic stretch of road. The sharp descent into the hollow, and the steep and rocky terrain of the immediate landscape around Cool Hollow House forced the turnpike road to take a series of perilous turns that came to be known as "Death Curve". Resource History The tracts of land on which the nominated property resides date back to the early division of the area, starting in 1732 by Charles Calvert, 5th Lord Baltimore. The Macklefish, and Chancy families first owned the area that encompassed the property during the Colonial era. These Colonial patents were "Macklefish's Ridge" c.1738, "Chaney's Delight c.1738, "Strife" c.1740, "Cadiz" c. 1759, "Chaney's Chance" c. 1762, and "Stull's Forest" c. 1761. Proving the importance of this location along the Turnpike Road, is provided by the fact that only 16 of the more than 2250 patents issued in Western Maryland between 1730 and 1830, predate the patents of "Macklefish's Ridge", and "Chaney's Delight"28. 25 Guzy, p. 295 26IIays, Helen A. (1910), The Antietam and Its Bridges. New York: G. P. Putnums Sons p.24 (retrieved from https://archive.org/details/antietamitsbridg00haysuoft) 27 IBID. p. 25 28 http://www.whilbr.org/assets/uploads/1andpatent5wa5hc01730-1 or /ag ssets/Toads/landpatentswashco1730-1830 pdf NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 12 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome (WA -H-195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State Thomas Macklefish (aka McKeefish, McElfish, Maclefish) was born December 21, 1705 in South River Parish, Anne Arundel, MD. He was the son of David Maciclefish, the Lord Mayor of London Town, MD from 1693 to 1711. Thomas married Susannah Chaney on January 1727 in South River Parish, Anne Arundel, MD. "Macklefish's Ridge" was granted in 1738,29 however since patents could take years to finalize, it is probable that the Macklefish family moved to the property earlier than 1738. Thomas Macklefish also had several other pieces of land patented lying continuously with the original tract. These patents were "Macklefish's Luck" c. 1750, "Macklefish's Range c. 1750, and "Macklefish's Small Bit" c. 1783. Thomas Macklefish's sons Thomas Jr. and Richard Maciclefish were living on the property as recorded in the 1783 Maryland tax records. Both Thomas Jr. and Richard were soldiers in the Revolutionary War, fighting for the United States. The record shows the property with about half of the land being forest, and half being arable. By 1790, Thomas Maciclefish Jr. was listed in the census with a household of 10, including two slaves. It is probable that the dwelling the Macklefish family resided in was built is the same spot where the current residence sits since no other foundations can be located. Both Richard and Thomas resided on the property until around 1798, when they relocated to Pennsylvania. 30 The farm grew even larger as it was assembled by Matthias Springer by purchasing pieces of the aforementioned tracts between the years of 1793 and 1802. Matthias Springer and family lived on the property in 1798 when other prominent land owners of the time published a statement in the local newspaper prohibiting fishing on their property. "We the subscribers, living on the waters of the Antietam, in Washington County, holding land there on, find that very great inconveniences arise from sundry persons fishing in that creek- We therefore give public notice, that after the date hereof we will not allow any person of persons to fish therein, unless liberty be first obtained. Those who disregard this notice, will be dealt with according to the law. John Booth, Elijah Cheney, George Powell, John Shafer, Jeremiah Chaney, Nich. Broadstone, Matthias Springer, Nich. Frankhauser, John Smith, Joseph Chaney, Stephen Pollen, Edward Breathed, Elizabeth South, Christian Bnckly, Jacob Sharer, John Clagett."31 The 1803 tax records for Washington County put the value of the then deceased Matthias Springer's "Macklefish's Ridge" farm, which included 2 stills, at 311 Pounds and 18 shillings making him one of the wealthier men in the Jerusalem Hundred. The household furnishings, etc 29mm 3o Moylan, Charles E. (1920), "The third generation ; Richard McElfresh (1724-1808), beginnings of western migration" "Elizabeth -Town Adviser, August 16, 1798 NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 13 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State were valued at 124 pounds, quite a handsome sum. This leads one to assume at that point there was a substantial dwelling of size already in existence. Again it is felt that the current home was constructed on the foundations built by the Macklefish's in the 18th century. Springer's heirs sold the 180 acres of land and premises in 1809 to Benjamin Emmert for about three thousand pounds sterling.3z B For a property in the still -developing frontier was quite a bit, proving that it was already at that time a farm that had been well developed. Benjamin Emmert, a man of considerable wealth, was the son of Leonard Emmert, the founder of the Dunker Church in Washington County.34 The 1810 and 1820 census shows Benjamin Emmert and family living in the property's district and in line with neighboring land owners at that time. Also, an 1819 notice of petition to open a road, likely now Cool Hollow Road, mentions the Emmert's residing at the property.35 Benjamin Emmert had the land re -surveyed on September 5, 1821 for a new patent "Emmett's Home".36 Curiously enough, the name of the patent, "Emmert's Home", tells a story in itself. After owning the property for over a decade, and himself nearly 50 years old, it is likely that the Emmert's had constructed the current large brick dwelling by that time, and the new patent was in honor of it. An 1824 newspaper article announcing the completion of the "Turnpike Road between Hagerstown and Boonsborough" and the opening of the Tollgate House next to the Emmert's home. The 1821 and 1824 are congruent with the style, and construction methods used to build Cool Hollow House. Around 1811, the Potomac Company proposed to build a series of locks along the Antietam to facilitate boat navigation to the Potomac, and thus to major trading locations. Benjamin Emmert built a dam prior to 1814 on the nominated property after the effort had begun, and proposed a canal to circumvent "Chaney's Falls", a series of steep rapids in the creek at his property.37 Ruins of this dam can be seen fording the creek. The purpose of Emmert's dam is unclear, but suggests it was preplanning for his later acquisition of the mill ruins from Elias Cheney, son of Ezekiel Chaney on the west bank of the Antietam directly across from where the house sits in 1838. It is unclear at this time if Benjamin Emmett used the mill site during his ownership. 32 Washington County Deed Books liber T, folio 478-479 33 Washington County Deed Books Tiber W, folio 80 34 Henry, J. M. 1936, History of the Church of the Brethren in Maryland, p. 269 3s Hagerstown Herald and Torch Light Newspaper, October 26, 1819 36 Washington Co. Patented Certificate # 289, MSAS1208336. Maryland State Archives, 39 Guzy, D. (2003) Maryland Historical Magazine Vol. 98, No. 3 (Fall 2003) NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 14 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State Benjamin Emmert died in 1851, leaving all his land holdings as well as a sum of $60,00038 to his sole surviving child, Magdalene and his grandchildren. Upon the death of Benjamin Emmert, "Emmert's Home" was sold to Philip Schindel, father of his son-in-law David Schindel for $14,500, proving that at that time the property had substantial improvements. Philip in turn sold the property to David and Magdalene in 1856, ensuring the farm stayed in the Emmert family. The 1850 census does show them on the property in district 6, with their land value at $19,000, while Phillip Schindel resided in Fairplay. This was a considerable sum for such a young couple, more than half a million dollars in today's currency. Benjamin Emmert also owned half of the famed Roxbury Mill (WA -II -134), which was one of the largest distilleries of its day and dates to the 18th century. According to the extensive wills ofBenjamin amin Emmert, considerable money was owed to him for the crop of wheat and rye, the materials used to make whiskey.39 Emmert farmed these crops on the nominated property, and would transport the goods to Roxbury. Roxbury Mill was less than a mile downstream from "Emmert's Home/Cool Hollow House", and a minor road shown on old maps links the property to it running along the west bank of the Antietam Creek via a fording place on the nominated property (Figure 2). While the mill itself was sold to the Rowland family in 185140, David and Magdalene became owners of the extensive acreage around it after Benjamin's death. The prosperity of David Schindel and his wife Magdalene grew considerably in the next few years. By 1860, David and Magdalene Schindel's "Cool Hollow" was listed on the census as being valued at $35,000 dollars, over one million today, making it one of the more valuable farms in the county. David Schindel was listed as a farmer on the 1860 census. Three generations of the prominent Benjamin Emmert family would own the property from 1809-1910, over a century. The property sits on a prominent curve along the National Road between Boonsboro and Hagerstown known infamously as "Death Curve" 41. Previously known as the Boonsboro and Hagerstown Turnpike and Bank Road, the road was one of Maryland's main through routes prior to 1760 that connected Hagerstown to Frederick via Turner's Gap 42. The 10 mile stretch between Funkstown and Boonsboro on which the property sits was the first paved road in the United States. This proves that the route along which the nominated property sits has in fact 38 Washington County Administration Bonds 1842-1856 Vol. F, p. 390 39 Washington County Will Book Vol. E -F pp. 119-120 40 Washington County List of Sales 1853-1857 Vol T. p. 443 41 Greene, J. E. July 7, 2002., Alt. 40 Accident Kills Two, The Herald Mail 42r Maryland Geological Survey, 1899; Volume 3, Plate 14 Original Source: University of Alabama Map Library NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 15 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State been an important thoroughfare for at least 260 years. This road, was already well -travelled by 1760, predates the birth of our nation by more than two decades. The United States Civil War was arguably the most violent and divisive time in our nation's history. Cool Hollow House witnessed this first hand during the days of July 8-12, 1863 as General Robert E. Lee retreated from their defeat at Gettysburg. As Lee prepared to ford the Potomac River at Williamsport, MD just a few miles to the west, the swollen river provided a challenge. The construction of new means of crossing would require several days. Lee instructed his Generals to set up a line of defense stretching several miles from Williamsport past Funkstown. Union and Confederate forces would battle many times over the next days, mainly along the National Road between Funkstown and Boonsboro. In the years after the Civil War, Cool Hollow House was sold to David and Magdalene Schindel's son Benjamin and his wife Julia in 1878 for a sum of $12,000. Over the next century, while the nominated property shrank in acreage due to several subdivisions of the old patents, Cool Hollow House was extremely fortunate to have had many responsible stewards. By the 1950's the property was at its current 6.92 acres. In the late 1970's the notable author and illustrator of children's books Julia Nordell owned and lived at the property. Cool Hollow House stands as a fine, restrained example of early 19`i' century Federal/Greek Revival architecture in Mid -Maryland. Built by one of the most prominent and influential families of this part of the state. The property remains largely unchanged since its construction nearly 200 years ago. Beyond the architecture, the house proudly guards over land that played host to some of the most important pieces of our nation's history, the westward expansion, early manufacturing, and the Civil War. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 9 Page 1 Major Bibliographical References: Cool Hollow House (MIHP # WA -II -195 Cool Hollow Culvert (WA -II -131), Tollgate House (WA -II -177) Frame House and Stone Barn (WA -II -206) Hillside Lake Farm (WA -I-420) Ditto Knolls (WA -II -093) Sherrick House (MIHP #WA -II -334) Greystone Manor (WA -HAG -093) OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State Scharf, J. Thomas. History of Western Maryland. (Baltimore: 1882), reprint Regional Publishing Co., 1969. United States War Department. War of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Volume 128. WashingtonD.C. 1880-1901. North and South Vol. 2, No. 6, August 1999. Brown, Kent Masterson. Lee, Logistics and the Pennsylvania Campaign. Retreat from Gettysburg. University of North Carolina Press, 2005. Moore, Robert H., II. The Chew's Ashby Shoemaker's Lynchburg, and the Newton Artillery. H.E. Howard, Lynchburg, Va. 1995. Schildt, John W. Roads from Gettysburg. Burd Street Press, 1979 NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 9 Page 2 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State Wittenberg, Eric J., Petruzzi, J. David., Nugent, Mike. One Continuous Fight, The Retreat from Gettysburg and the Pursuit of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, July4-14, 1863. Savas Beatie, New York and California, 2008 Zeller, Paul G. The Second Vermont Volunteer Infantry Regiment, 1861-1865, McFarland and Company, North Carolina, 2009. Washington County Estate and Marriage Records, Washington County Courthouse, Hagerstown, MD. Washington County Land Records, http://tndlandrec.net. Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home (WA -II -195) Washington County, Maryland Name of Property County and State 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property 6.92 acres UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet) 11 III I 11 Zone Easting Northing 21 III I 11 Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet) Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet) 11. Form Prepared By 31 III I 11 Zone Easting Northing 41 III I 11 1 ❑ See continuation sheet name/title Thomas Freeman and Benjamin Tinsley/ Owners Organization N/A date March 9, 2017 street & number 9302 Old National Pike telephone N/A city or town Hagerstown state MD zip code 21740 Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: Continuation Sheets Maps A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. A Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Photographs Representative black and white photographs of the property. Additional Items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items) Property Owner this Item at the request of SHPO or FPO) Name Thomas A. Freeman street & number 9302 Old National Pike telephone 703-606-6422 city or town Hagerstown state MD zip code 21740 Paperwork Reduction Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et. sea.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including the time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 10 Page 1 Verbal Boundary Description: OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State The boundaries of the nominated property are recorded among the Land Records of Washington County, Maryland in Liber 5018, folio 0072, and further shown as Parcel 1 on Washington County Tax Map 63. Boundary Justification: The nominated property, 6.92 acres, encompasses the remnant of the acreage historically associated with the resource, including the historic house, period dependencies, large domestic yard, 18th century mill site, and well/cave formation. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 10 Page 2 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State Title Map of the State of Maryland laid down from an actual survey of all the principal waters, public roads, and divisions of the counties therein; describing the situation of the cities, towns, villages, houses of worship and other public buildings, furnaces, forges, mills, and other remarkable places; and of the Federal Territory; as also a sketch of the State of Delaware shewing the probable connexion of the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. Contributor Names Griffith, Dennis. Thackara, James, 1767-1848. Valiance, J. (John), 1770-1823. Created / Published Philadelphia, J. Valiance, 1795. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 10 Page 3 FIGURE 2 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State Title Map of the vicinity of Hagerstown, Funkstown, Williamsport, and Falling Waters, Maryland Contributor Names United States. Army. Corps of Engineers Created / Published Published by the authority of the Hon. The Secretary of War. Office of the Chief of Enginners, U.S. Army, 1879 Note: was published after war to show the patterns of Retreat from Gettysburg. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 10 Page 4 FIGURE 3 Title A map of Washington Co., Maryland. Exhibiting the farms, election districts, towns, villages, roads, etc., etc.: Contributor Names Taggart, Thomas, Downin, S. S. Created / Published [S.I.], L.McKee and C.G. Robertson, 1859. Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. 20540-4650 dcu OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 National Register of Historic Places Cool Hollow House/Emmert'SHome g (WA -II -195) Continuation Sheet Name of Property Section 10 Page 5 FIGURE 4 Plat Map Tax Map 63, Election District 6, Parcel No. I Cool Hollow House, WA -II -195 Washington County, Maryland County and State SCALE. IS LtlD• N AINT OF Mflff6IN%lf• u rse em ame ulm(3A)a uu•u'vn-UAA, xr IM[MA via°un ro uxel°f° U I OfiD rmu wuxr R.WU&5& lu° wlLM°°0'mi em Yam°all AII//t i tW° PKM°a 10V XNXIUTM 0/IAN', Y.RIOAYO fl/Il/ 0051 M/1/15 arm, Il/i/N5 BONITO/AT "VEY FBC{£BTY OF JULIA N0RDELL S/BOA .law 511 ptT II n Ia/IT/flAK Will .11' NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 10 Page 6 FIGURE 5 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State Cool Hollow House (WA -II -195) First Floor Plan NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 10 Page 7 FIGURE 6 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home (WA -II -195) Name of Property Washington County, Maryland County and State Cool Hollow House (WA -II -195) Second Floor Plan NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section PHOTO Page 1 Index to Photographs OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -II -195 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State The following information applies to all photographs which accompany this documentation: WA -II -195 Cool Hollow House Washington County, Maryland Photographer: Thomas A. Freeman, Owner Date taken: October 6, 2016 Digital Files located at residence. Photo captions: NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section PHOTO Page 2 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -l1-195 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWI-IOUSE 0001.JPEG West View, East elevation NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section PHOTO Page 3 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -11-195 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State MD_WASHINGTONC OUNTY_COOLHOLLO WHOUSE_0002. JPEG North-West View, East elevation NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section PHOTO Page 4 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -II -195 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY_COOLHOLLOWHOUSE 0003.JPEG North View, South elevation NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -II -195 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD Section PHOTO Page 5 County and State MDWASHINGTONCOUNTY_COOLHOLLO WHOUSE_0004.JPEG South View, North elevation pj� ii x ''H A ' Y' t c > > d = )(d 9 td n,1 tr.^ .rtj� •`,"-"` s f L I 7� l,, Iar' f t r NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section PHOTO Page 7 OMB Approval No, 1024-0018 WA-lI-195 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY_COOLHOLLOWHOUSE_0006.JPEG Setting View, Southeast from lawn toward mill site. wF rr . n p t c^ N 6a C, yr ! t1 /" 5-'{---•: 'f. ' § oy j1 r* ' r `' -��L•~ i T ,�j /"J'•.kl•;tr•{(�d {e yY,� , L>—' lK�`�'n i4t l.�-P r r t,/-�a S "'w`.IT�d�r � Krt \2 ,• � � � i f ry pSG rf ta 11,rL- 4- S r x' a. . - y� , i"ItZX.tiil'� A'%, "P rf.:,`4'ilYt y1 x y NrAi5La a,.,/r{ NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section PHOTO Page 10 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -II -195 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE_0009.JPEG Mill foundation at creek, and mill race, North. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -11-195 Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD Section PHOTO Page 11 County and State MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY_COOLHOLLOWHOUSE_00010.JPEG Setting View, Northeast from mill site. yet ', 5 1v a. ♦ v f } A' f� P ut 5 �}�✓L "r8` s..$" `� Y{� •.• : ' 7 i t -5 r .>S att'a�". r{'x"' YtSy i. ((�y� y' s _ -F"•. _ iae a a ` 9 sex {r a : y4 ,4:•. •+6,_ eSa�a*Lea mp. s.;-xv6."Si_,..5iivf't:+iv,'wr�a*,9 NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section PHOTO Page 13 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -II -195 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State MDWASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE 00012.JPEG Stone spring house, West from house toward Antietam Creels. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section PHOTO Page 14 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -II -195 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE 00013.JPEG Stone spring house/mid-20th Century addition, North. I., 2 <« » ; � \ . \w T = . \\} (1\ NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section PHOTO Page 18 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -II -195 Cool Hollow House/Emmett's I-Iome Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE 00017.JPEG Front door, west view, east elevation. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -11-195 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home Name of Property Washington County, NM Section PHOTO Page 19 County and State MID_WASHINGTONCOUNTY_COOLHOLLOWHOUSE 00018.JPEG First floor stair and entrance hall, West. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section PHOTO Page 20 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -II -195 Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE_00019.JPEG First floor, stair and entrance hall, East. NIPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section PHOTO Page 21 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -II -195 Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State MD_WASHINGTONCOUNTY_COOLHOLLO WHOUSE_00020.JPEG First floor, large parlor, east. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section PHOTO Page 22 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -II -195 Cool Hollow 1-Iouse/Emmert's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State MD WASHINGTONCOUNTYCOOLHOLLOWHOUSE 00021.JPEG First floor, large parlor, west. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -II -195 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD Section PHOTO Page 23 County and State MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE00022.JPEG First floor, library (original kitchen with service fireplace), North. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section PHOTO Page 24 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -II -195 Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE00023.JPEG First floor, kitchen, south. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section PHOTO Page 25 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -II -195 Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State MD_WASFIINGTONC OUNTY_COOLHOLLO W HOUSE_00024. JPEG First floor, kitchen, west. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section PHOTO Page 26 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 WA -l1-195 Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE_00025JPEG First floor, kitchen, east, NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETIN Technical information on the the National Register of Historic Places: survey, evaluation, registration, and preservation of cultural resources U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Cultural Resources National Register, History and Education How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation's natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to tribes. The National Park Service preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. The Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world. This material is partially based upon work conducted under a cooperative agreement with the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers and the U.S. Department of the Interior. Date of publication: 1990; revised 1991, 1995, 1997. Revised for Internet 1995 Cover (Top Left) Criterion B - Frederick Douglass Home, Washington, D.C. From 1877- 1899, this was the home of Frederick Douglass, the former slave who rose to become a prominent author, abolitionist, editor, orator, and diplomat. (Walter Smalling, Jr.) (Top Right) Criterion D - Francis Canyon Ruin, Blanco vicinity, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. A fortified village site composed of 40 masonry -walled rooms arranged in a cluster of four house blocks. Constructed ca. 1716-1742 for protection against raiding Utes and Comanches, the site has information potential related to Na- vajo, Pueblo, and Spanish cultures. (Jon Samuelson) (Bottom Left) Criterion C - Bridge in Cherrytree Township, Venago County, Pennsylvania. Built in 1882, this Pratt through truss bridge is significant for engi- neering as a well preserved example of a type of bridge frequently used in northwestern Pennsylvania in the late 19th century. (Pennsylvania Department of Transportation) (Bottom Right) Criterion A - Main StreetlMarket Square Historic District, Houston, Harris County, Texas. Until well into the 20th century this district marked the bounds of public and business life in Houston. Constructed between the 1870s and 1920s, the district includes Houston's municipal and county buildings, and served as the city's wholesale, retail, and financial center. (Paul Hester) PREFACE Preserving historic properties as important reflections of our American heritage became a national policy through passage of the Antiquities Act of 1906, the Historic Sites Act of 1935, and the National Historic Pres- ervation Act of 1966, as amended. The Historic Sites Act authorized the Secretary of the Interior to identify and recognize properties of national significance (National Historic Land- marks) in United States history and archeology. The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 authorized the Secretary to expand this recogni- tion to properties of local and State significance in American history, ar- chitecture, archeology, engineering, and culture, and worthy of preserva- tion. The National Register of His- toric Places is the official list of these recognized properties, and is main- tained and expanded by the National Park Service on behalf of the Secretary of the Interionr The National Register of Historic Places documents the appearance and importance of districts, sites, build- ings, structures, and objects signifi- cant in our prehistory and history. These properties represent the major patterns of our shared local, State, and national experience. To guide the selection of properties included in the National Register, the National Park Service has developed the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. These criteria are standards by which every property that is nominated to the National Register is judged. In addition, the National Park Service has developed criteria for the recogni- tion of nationally significant proper- ties, which are designated National Historic Landmarks and prehistoric and historic units of the National Park System. Both these sets of criteria were developed to be consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Stan- dards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation, which are uni- form, national standards for preserva- tion activities 2 This publication explains how the National Park Service applies these criteria in evaluating the wide range of properties that may be significant in local, State, and national history. It should be used by anyone who must decide if a particular property qualifies for the National Register of Historic Places. Listing properties in the National Register is an important step in a na- tionwide preservation process. The responsibility for the identification, initial evaluation, nomination, and treatment of historic resources lies with private individuals, State historic preservation offices, and Federal pres- ervation offices, local governments, and Indian tribes. The final evalua- tion and listing of properties in the National Register is the responsibility of the Keeper of the National Register. This bulletin was prepared by staff of the National Register Branch, Inter- agency Resources Division, National Park Service, with the assistance of the History Division. It was originally is- sued in draft form in 1982. The draft was revised into final form by Patrick W. Andrus, Historian, National Regis- ter, and edited by Rebecca H. Shrimpton, Consulting Historian. Beth L. Savage, National Register and Sarah Dillard Pope, National Reg- ister, NCSHPO coordinated the latest revision of this bulletin. Antionette J. Lee, Tanya Gossett, and Kira Badamo coordinated earlier revisions. 'Properties listed in the National Register receive limited Federal protection and certain benefits. For more information concerning the effects of listing, and how the National Register may be used by the general public and Certified Local Governments, as well as by local, state, and Federal agencies, and for copies of National Register Bulletins, contact the National Park Service, National Register, 1849 C Street, NW, NC400, Washington, D.C., 20240. Information may also be obtained by visiting the National Register Web site at www.cr.nps.gov/nr or by contacting any of the historic preservation offices in the States and territories. 'The Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation are found in the Federal Register, Vol. 48, No. 190 (Thursday, September 29, 1983). A copy can be obtained by writing the National Park Service, Heritage Preservation Services (at the address above). TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Introduction II. National Register Criteria for Evaluation .......... III. How to Use this Bulletin to Evaluate a Property ........... IV. How to Define Categories of Historic Properties .......... V. How to Evaluate a Property Within its Historic Context .......................................... .......... i UnderstandingHistoric Contexts............................................................................................................................................. 7 How to Evaluate a Property Within Its Historic Context..................................................................................................... 7 Properties Significant Within More Than on Historic Context................................................................................... 9 ComparingRelated Properties.......................................................................................................................................... 9 Local, State, and National Historic Contexts.......................................................................................................................... 9 VI. How to Identify the Type of Significance of a Property 11 CriterionB: Person...................................................................................................................................................................14 UnderstandingCriterion B.................................................................................................................................................14 ApplyingCriterion B...........................................................................................................................................................15 Significanceof the Individual..................................................................................................................................15 Associationwith the Property................................................................................................................................. 15 Comparison to Related Properties..........................................................................................................................15 Associationwith Groups..........................................................................................................................................15 Associationwith Living Persons.............................................................................................................................16 Association with Architects/Artisans....................................................................................................................16 NativeAmerican Sites...............................................................................................................................................16 CriterionC: Design/Construction......................................................................................................................................... 17 UnderstandingCriterion C.................................................................................................................................................17 ApplyingCriterion C...........................................................................................................................................................18 ii Distinctive Characteristics of Type, Period, and Method of Construction..............................................................18 Historic Adaptation of the Original Property..............................................................................................................19 Worksof a Master.............................................................................................................................................................20 Properties Possessing High Artistic Values..................................................................................................................20 CriterionD: Information Potential........................................................................................................................................ 21 UnderstandingCriterion D.................................................................................................................................................21 ApplyingCriterion D........................................................................................................................................................... 21 ArcheologicaI Sites..................................................................................................................................................... 21 Buildings, Structures, and Objects.......................................................................................................................... 21 Association with Human Activity..........................................................................................................................22 Establishinga Historic Context...............................................................................................................................22 DevelopingResearch Questions.............................................................................................................................. 22 Establishing the Presence of Adequate Data......................................................................................................... 23 Integrity....................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Partly Excavated or Disturbed Properties.............................................................................................................23 CompletelyExcavated Sites.....................................................................................................................................24 VII. How to Apply the Criteria Considerations.........................................................................................................................25 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................ 25 Criteria Consideration A: Religious Properties...................................................................................................................26 Understanding Criteria Consideration A......................................................................................................................26 Applying Criteria Consideration A............................................................................................................................... 26 Eligibilityfor Historic Events..................................................................................................................................26 Eligibilityfor Historic Persons.................................................................................................................................27 Eligibility for Architectural or Artistic Distinction..............................................................................................28 Eligibility for Information Potential.......................................................................................................................28 Ability to Reflect Historic Associations..................................................................................................................28 Criteria Consideration B: Moved Properties........................................................................................................................29 Understanding Criteria Consideration B...................................................................................................................... 29 ApplyingCriteria Consideration B................................................................................................................................29 Eligibilityfor Architectural Value...........................................................................................................................29 Eligibility for Historic Associations........................................................................................................................30 Settingand Environment.......................................................................................................................................... 30 AssociationDependent on the Site.........................................................................................................................30 PropertiesDesigned to Be Moved...........................................................................................................................31 ArtificiallyCreated Groupings................................................................................................................................31 Portionsof Properties................................................................................................................................................ 31 Criteria Consideration C: Birthplaces and Graves..............................................................................................................32 UnderstandingCriteria Consideration C......................................................................................................................32 Applying Criteria Consideration C................................................................................................................................ 32 Personsof Outstanding Importance.......................................................................................................................32 Last Surviving Property Associated with a Person..............................................................................................32 Eligibility for Other Associations............................................................................................................................33 CriteriaConsideration D: Cemeteries...................................................................................................................................34 Understanding Criteria Consideration D......................................................................................................................34 ApplyingCriteria Consideration D...............................................................................................................................34 Persons of Transcendent Importance..................................................................................................................... 34 Eligibilityon the Basis of Age..................................................................................................................................35 Eligibilityfor Design.................................................................................................................................................35 Eligibility for Association with Events...................................................................................................................35 Eligibility for Information Potential.......................................................................................................................35 Integrity....................................................................................................................................................................... 36 NationalCemeteries.................................................................................................................................................. 36 Criteria Consideration E: Reconstructed Properties...........................................................................................................37 Understanding Criteria Consideration E......................................................................................................................37 ApplyingCriteria Consideration E................................................................................................................................37 Accuracyof the Reconstruction...............................................................................................................................37 SuitableEnvironment................................................................................................................................................ 37 RestorationMaster Plans..........................................................................................................................................38 iii LastSurviving Property of a Type............................................................................................................................... 38 Reconstructions Older than Fifty Years....................................................................................................................... 38 Criteria Consideration F: Commemorative Properties...................................................................................................... 39 Understanding Criteria Consideration F..........................................................................................................................39 ApplyingCriteria Consideration F....................................................................................................................................39 Eligibilityfor Design................................................................................................................................................. 39 Eligibility for Age, Tradition, or Symbolic Value.................................................................................................40 Ineligibility as the Last Representative of an Event or Person........................................................................... 40 Criteria Consideration G: Properties that Have Achieved Significance Within the Past Fifty Years ........................41 Understanding Criteria Consideration G......................................................................................................................... 41 ApplyingCriteria Consideration G................................................................................................................................... 42 Eligibility for Exceptional Importance...................................................................................................................42 HistoricalPerspective................................................................................................................................................ 42 42 National Park Service Rustic Architecture............................................................................................................ VeteransAdministration Hospitals........................................................................................................................42 Comparisonwith Related Properties..................................................................................................................... 42 WorldWar II Properties...........................................................................................................................................42 Eligibility for Information Potential.......................................................................................................................43 43 HistoricDistricts........................................................................................................................................................ Properties Over Fifty Years in Age, Under Fifty Years in Significance............................................................43 Requirement to Meet the Criteria, Regardless of Age......................................................................................... 43 VIII. IX. X. XI. Howto Evaluate the Integrity of a Property.............................................................................................................. 44 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................... 44 44 Understanding the Aspects of Integrity Location................................................................................................................................................. 44 Design.......................................................................................................................................................................... 44 44 Setting 45 Materials...................................................................................................................................................................... 45 Workmanship 45 Feeling.......................................................................................................................................................................... 45 Association.................................................................................................................................................................. 45 AssessingIntegrity in Properties.................................................................................................................................... Defining the Essential Physical Features...............................................................................................................46 Visibilityof the Physical Features........................................................................................................................... 46 ComparingSimilar Properties................................................................................................................................. 47 Determining the Relevant Aspects of Integrity....................................................................................................48 Summary of the National Historic Landmarks Criteria for Evaluation...............................................................50 Glossary.............................................................................................................................................................................. 53 Listof National Register Bulletins...............................................................................................................................54 iv I. INTRODUCTION The National Register is the nation's inventory of historic places and the national repository of docu- mentation on the variety of historic property types, significance, abun- dance, condition, ownership, needs, and other information. It is the begin- ning of a national census of historic properties. The National Register Cri- teria for Evaluation define the scope of the National Register of Historic Places; they identify the range of re- sources and kinds of significance that will qualify properties for listing in the National Register. The Criteria are written broadly to recognize the wide variety of historic properties as- sociated with our prehistory and his- tory. Decisions concerning the signifi- cance, historic integrity, documenta- tion, and treatment of properties can be made reliably only when the re- source is evaluated within its historic context. The historic context serves as the framework within which the Na- tional Register Criteria are applied to specific properties or property types. (See Part V for a brief discussion of historic contexts. Detailed guidance for developing and applying historic contexts is contained in National Reg- ister Bulletin: How to Complete the Na- tional Register Registration Form and National Register Bulletin: How to Com- plete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form ) The guidelines provided here are intended to help you understand the National Park Service's use of the Cri- teria for Evaluation, historic contexts, integrity, and Criteria Considerations, and how they apply to properties un- der consideration for listing in the National Register. Examples are pro- vided throughout, illustrating specific circumstances in which properties are and are not eligible for the National Register. This bulletin should be used by anyone who is: •Preparing to nominate a property to the National Register, • Seeking a determination of a property's eligibility, • Evaluating the comparable sig- nificance of a property to those listed in the National Register, or • Expecting to nominate a property as a National Historic Landmark in addition to nominating it to the National Register, This bulletin also contains a sum- mary of the National Historic Land- marks Criteria for Evaluation (see Part IX). National Historic Land- marks are those districts, sites, build- ings, structures, and objects desig- nated by the Secretary of the Interior as possessing national significance in American history, architecture, arche- ology, engineering, and culture., Al- though National Register documenta- tion includes a recommendation about whether a property is signifi- cant at the local, State, or national level, the only official designation of national significance is as a result of National Historic Landmark designa- tion by the Secretary of the Interior, National Monument designation by the President of the United States, or establishment as a unit of the National Park System by Congress. These properties are automatically listed in the National Register. II. THE NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION:3 The quality of significance in American history, architecture, arche- ology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess in- tegrity of location, design, setting, ma- terials, workmanship, feeling, and as- sociation, and: A. That are associated with events that have made a significant contribu- tion to the broad patterns of our history; or B. That are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or C. That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or D. That have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. CRITERIA CONSIDERATIONS: Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces, or graves of historical figures, proper- ties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, structures that have been moved from their original locations, reconstructed his- toric buildings, properties primarily commemorative in nature, and prop- erties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years shall not be considered eligible for the National Register. However, such properties will qualify if they are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria or if they fall within the following catego- ries: a. A religious property deriving primary significance from architec- tural or artistic distinction or historical importance; or b. A building or structure removed from its original location but which is significant primarily for architec- tural value, or which is the surviv- ing structure most importantly associated with a historic person or event; or c. A birthplace or grave of a historical figure of outstanding importance if there is no appropriate site or building directly associated with his or her productive life; or d. A cemetery which derives its primary significance from graves of persons of transcendent impor- tance, from age, from distinctive design features, or from association with historic events; or e. A reconstructed building when accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a restoration master plan, and when no other building or structure with the same association has survived; or f. A property primarily commemora- tive in intent if design, age, tradi- tion, or symbolic value has in- vested it with its own exceptional significance; or g. A property achieving significance within the past 50 years if it is of exceptional importance. 3The Criteria for Evaluation are found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 36, Part 60, and are reprinted herein full. III. HOW TO USE THIS BULLETIN TO EVALUATE A PROPERTY For a property to qualify for the National Register it must meet one of the National Register Criteria for Evaluation by: 2. • Being associated with an impor- tant historic context and • Retaining historic integrity of those features necessary to con- vey its significance. Information about the property based on physical examination and documentary research is necessary to evaluate a property's eligibility for the National Register. Evaluation of a property is most efficiently made when following this sequence: 1. Categorize the property (Part IV). A property must be classified as a district, site, building, structure, or object for inclusion in the National Register. Determine which prehistoric or historic context(s) the property represents (Part V). A property must possess significance in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, or culture when evaluated within the historic context of a relevant geographic area. 3. Determine whether the property is significant under the National Register Criteria (Part VI). This is done by identifying the links to important events or persons, design or construction features, or information potential that make the property important. 4. Determine if the property repre- sents a type usually excluded from the National Register (Part VII). If so, determine if it meets any of the Criteria Considerations. 5. Determine whether the property retains integrity (Part VIII). Evaluate the aspects of location, design, setting, workmanship, ma- terials, feeling, and association that the property must retain to convey its historic significance. If, after completing these steps, the property appears to qualify for the Na- tional Register, the next step is to pre- pare a written nomination. (Refer to National Register Bulletin: How to Complete the National Register Registra- tion Form.) IV. HOW TO DEFINE CATEGORIES OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES The National Register of Historic Places includes significant properties, classified as buildings, sites, districts, structures, or objects. It is not used to list intangible values, except in so far as they are associated with or re- flected by historic properties. The Na- tional Register does not list cultural events, or skilled or talented individu- als, as is done in some countries. Rather, the National Register is ori- ented to recognizing physically con- crete properties that are relatively fixed in location. For purposes of National Register nominations, small groups of proper- ties are listed under a single category, using the primary resource. For ex- ample, a city hall and fountain would be categorized by the city hall (build- ing), a farmhouse with two outbuild- ings would be categorized by the farmhouse (building), and a city park with a gazebo would be categorized by the park (site). Properties with large acreage or a number of re- sources are usually considered dis- tricts. Common sense and reason should dictate the selection of catego- ries. BUILDING A building, such as a house, barn, church, hotel, or similar construc- tion, is created principally to shelter any form of human activity. "Build- ing" may also be used to refer to a historically and functionally related unit, such as a courthouse and jail or a house and barn. Buildings eligible for the National Register must include all of their basic structural elements. Parts of build- ings, such as interiors, facades, or wings, are not eligible independent of the rest of the existing building. The whole building must be considered, and its significant features must be identified. If a building has lost any of its basic structural elements, it is usually con- sidered a "ruin" and is categorized as a site. Examples of buildings include: administration building carriage house church city or town hall courthouse detached kitchen, barn, and privy dormitory fort garage hotel house library mill building office building post office school social hall shed stable store theater train station STRUCTURE The term "structure" is used to distinguish from buildings those functional constructions made usu- ally for purposes other than creating human shelter. Structures nominated to the National Register must include all of the extant basic structural elements. Parts of structures can not be consid- ered eligible if the whole structure remains. For example, a truss bridge is composed of the metal or wooden truss, the abutments, and supporting piers, all of which, if extant, must be included when considering the property for eligibility. If a structure has lost its historic configuration or pattern of organiza- tion through deterioration or demoli- tion, it is usually considered a "ruin" and is categorized as a site. Examples of structures include: aircraft apiary automobile bandstand boats and ships bridge cairn canal carousel corncrib dam earthwork fence gazebo grain elevator highway irrigation system kiln lighthouse railroad grade silo trolley car tunnel windmill OBJECT The term "object" is used to distinguish from buildings and structures those constructions that are primarily artistic in nature or are relatively small in scale and simply constructed. Although it may be, by nature or design, movable, an object is associated with a specific setting or environment. Small objects not designed for a specific location are normally not eligible. Such works include trans- portable sculpture, furniture, and other decorative arts that, unlike a fixed outdoor sculpture, do not possess association with a specific place. Objects should be in a setting appropriate to their significant historic use, roles, or character. Objects relocated to a museum are inappropriate for listing in the Na- tional Register. Examples of objects include boundary marker fountain milepost monument scupture statuary SITE A site is the location of a signifi- cant event, a prehistoric or historic occupation or activity, or a building or structure, whether standing, ruined, or vanished, where the location itself possesses historic, cultural, or archeological value regardless of the value of any exist- ing structure. A site can possess associative significance or information potential or both, and can be significant under any or all of the four criteria. A site need not be marked by physical remains if it is the location of a prehistoric or historic event or pattern of events and if no buildings, struc- tures, or objects marked it at the time of the events. However, when the location of a prehistoric or historic event cannot be conclusively deter- mined because no other cultural materials were present or survive, documentation must be carefully evaluated to determine whether the traditionally recognized or identified site is accurate. A site may be a natural landmark strongly associated with significant prehistoric or historic events or patterns of events, if the significance of the natural feature is well docu- mented through scholarly research. Generally, though, the National Register excludes from the definition of "site" natural waterways or bodies of water that served as determinants in the location of communities or were significant in the locality's subsequent economic development. While they may have been "avenues of exploration," the features most appropriate to document this signifi- cance are the properties built in association with the waterways. Examples of sites include battlefield campsite cemeteries significant for information potential or historic association ceremonial site designed landscape habitation site natural feature (such as a rock formation) having cultural significance petroglyph rock carving rock shelter ruins of a building or structure shipwreck trail village site DISTRICT A district possesses a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites, buildings, structures, or objects united historically or aes- thetically by plan or physical devel- opment. CONCENTRATION, LINKAGE, & CONTINUITY OF FEATURES A district derives its importance from being a unified entity, even though it is often composed of a wide variety of resources. The identity of a district results from the interrelation- ship of its resources, which can convey a visual sense of the overall historic environment or be an ar- rangement of historically or function- ally related properties. For example, a district can reflect one principal activity, such as a mill or a ranch, or it can encompass several interrelated activities, such as an area that in- cludes industrial, residential, or commercial buildings, sites, struc- tures, or objects. A district can also be a grouping of archeological sites related primarily by their common components; these types of districts often will not visually represent a specific historic environment. SIGNIFICANCE A district must be significant, as well as being an identifiable entity. It must be important for historical, architectural, archeological, engineer- ing, or cultural values. Therefore, districts that are significant will usually meet the last portion of Criterion C plus Criterion A, Criterion B, other portions of Criterion C, or Criterion D. TYPES OF FEATURES A district can comprise both features that lack individual distinc- tion and individually distinctive features that serve as focal points. It may even be considered eligible if all of the components lack individual distinction, provided that the group- ing achieves significance as a whole within its historic context. In either case, the majority of the components that add to the district's historic character, even if they are individu- ally undistinguished, must possess integrity, as must the district as a whole. A district can contain buildings, structures, sites, objects, or open spaces that do not contribute to the significance of the district. The number of noncontributing properties a district can contain yet still convey its sense of time and place and historical development depends on how these properties affect the district's integrity. In archeological districts, the primary factor to be considered is the effect of any distur- bances on the information potential of the district as a whole. GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES A district must be a definable geographic area that can be distin- guished from surrounding properties by changes such as density, scale, type, age, style of sites, buildings, structures, and objects, or by docu- mented differences in patterns of historic development or associations. It is seldom defined, however, by the limits of current parcels of ownership, management, or planning boundaries. The boundaries must be based upon a shared relationship among the properties constituting the district. DISCONTIGUOUS DISTRICTS A district is usually a single geo- graphic area of contiguous historic properties; however, a district can also be composed of two or more definable significant areas separated by nonsignificant areas. A discontiguous district is most appro- priate where: • Elements are spatially discrete; • Space between the elements is not related to the significance of the district; and • Visual continuity is not a factor in the significance. In addition, a canal can be treated as a discontiguous district when the system consists of man-made sections of canal interspersed with sections of river navigation. For scattered archeological properties, a discontiguous district is appropriate when the deposits are related to each other through cultural affiliation, period of use, or site type. Ordeman-Shaw Historic District, Montgomery, Montgomery County, Alabama. Historic districts derive their identity from the interrationship of their resources. Part of the defining characteristics of this 19th century residential district in Montgomery, Alabama, is found in the rhythmic pattern of the rows of decorative porches. (Frank L. Thiermonge, 1II) It is not appropriate to use the discontiguous district format to include an isolated resource or small group of resources which were once connected to the district, but have since been separated either through demolition or new construction. For example, do not use the discontiguous district format to nominate individual buildings of a downtown commerical district that have become isolated through demolition. Examples of districts iclude: business districts canal systems groups of habitation sites college campuses estates and farms with large acreage! numerous properties industrial complexes irrigation systems residential areas rural villages transportation networks rural historic districts V. HOW TO EVALUATE A PROPERTY WITHIN ITS HISTORIC CONTEXT UNDERSTANDING HISTORIC CONTEXTS To qualify for the National Regis- ter, a property must be significant; that is, it must represent a significant part of the history, architecture, archeology, engineering, or culture of an area, and it must have the charac- teristics that make it a good represen- tative of properties associated with that aspect of the past. This section explains how to evaluate a property within its historic context' The significance of a historic property can be judged and explained only when it is evaluated within its historic context. Historic contexts are those patterns or trends in history by which a specific occurrence, property, or site is understood and its meaning (and ultimately its significance) within history or prehistory is made clear. Historians, architectural historians, folklorists, archeologists, and anthropologists use different words to describe this phenomena such as trend, pattern, theme, or cultural affiliation, but ultimately the concept is the same. The concept of historic context is not a new one; it has been fundamen- tal to the study of history since the 18th century and, arguably, earlier than that. Its core premise is that resources, properties, or happenings in history do not occur in a vacuum but rather are part of larger trends or patterns. In order to decide whether a property is significant within its historic context, the following five things must be determined: • The facet of prehistory or history of the local area, State, or the na- tion that the property represents; • Whether that facet of prehistory or history is significant; • Whether it is a type of property that has relevance and impor- tance in illustrating the historic context; • How the property illustrates that history; and finally • Whether the property possesses the physical features necessary to convey the aspect of prehistory or history with which it is associ- ated. These five steps are discussed in detail below. If the property being evaluated does represent an impor- tant aspect of the area's history or prehistory and possesses the requisite quality of integrity, then it qualifies for the National Register. HOW TO EVALUATE A PROPERTY WITHIN ITS HISTORIC CONTEXT Identify what the property repre- sents: the theme(s), geographical limits, and chronological period that provide a perspective from which to evaluate the property's significance. Historic contexts are historical patterns that can be identified through consideration of the history of the property and the history of the sur- rounding area. Historic contexts may have already been defined in your area by the State historic preservation office, Federal agencies, or local governments. In accordance with the National Regis- ter Criteria, the historic context may relate to one of the following: • An event, a series of events or ac- tivities, or patterns of an area's de- velopment (Criterion A); • Association with the life of an im- portant person (Criterion B); • A building form, architectural style, engineering technique, or artistic values, based on a stage of physical development, or the use of a mate- rial or method of construction that shaped the historic identity of an area (Criterion C); or • A research topic (Criterion D). ' For a complete discussion of historic contexts, see National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Completing National Register of Historic Places Registration Forms. Determine how the theme of the context is significant in the history of the local area, the State, or the nation. A theme is a means of organizing properties into coherent patterns based on elements such as environ- ment, social/ethnic groups, transpor- tation networks, technology, or political developments that have influenced the development of an area during one or more periods of prehis- tory or history. A theme is considered significant if it can be demonstrated, through scholarly research, to be important in American history. Many significant themes can be found in the following list of Areas of Significance used by the National Register. AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE Agriculture Architecture Archeology Prehistoric Historic —Aboriginal Historic —Non -Aboriginal Art Commerce Communications Community Planning and Development Conservation Economics Education Engineering Entertainment/Recreation Ethnic Heritage Asian Black European Hispanic Native American Pacific Islander Other Exploration/Settlement Health/Medicine Industry Invention Landscape Architecture Law Literature Maritime History Military Performing Arts Philosophy Politics/Government Religion Science Social History Transportation Other Determine what the property type is and whether it is important in illustrating the historic context. A context may be represented by a variety of important property types. For example, the context of "Civil War Military Activity in Northern Virginia" might be represented by such properties as: a group of mid - 19th century fortification structures; an open field where a battle occurred; a knoll from which a general directed troop movements; a sunken transport ship; the residences or public build- ings that served as company head- quarters; a railroad bridge that served as a focal point for a battle; and earthworks exhibiting particular construction techniques. Because a historic context for a community can be based on a distinct period of development, it might include numerous property types. For example, the context "Era of Industrialization in Grand Bay, Michigan, 1875 - 1900" could be represented by important property types as diverse as sawmills, paper mill sites, salt refining plants, flour mills, grain elevators, furniture factories, workers housing, commer- cial buildings, social halls, schools, churches, and transportation facilities. A historic context can also be based on a single important type of prop- erty. The context "Development of County Government in Georgia, 1777 - 1861" might be represented solely by courthouses. Similarly, "Bridge Construction in Pittsburgh, 1870 - 1920" would probably only have one property type. Determine how the property represents the context through specific historic associations, archi- tectural or engineering values, or information potential (the Criteria for Evaluation). For example, the context of county government expansion is represented under Criterion A by historic districts or buildings that reflect population growth, development patterns, the role of government in that society, and political events in the history of the State, as well as the impact of county government on the physical development of county seats. Under Criterion C, the context is represented by properties whose architectural treatments reflect their governmental functions, both practically and symbolically. (See Part Vt: How to Identify the Type of Significance of a Property.) Determine what physical features the property must possess in order for it to reflect the significance of the historic context. These physical features can be determined after identifying the following: • Which types of properties are as- sociated with the historic context, • The ways in which properties can represent the theme, and • The applicable aspects of integ- rity. Properties that have the defined characteristics are eligible for listing. (See Part VIII: How to Evaluate the Integrity of a Property.) PROPERTIES SIGNIFICANT WITHIN MORE THAN ONE HISTORIC CONTEXT A specific property can be signifi- cant within one or more historic contexts, and, if possible, all of these should be identified. For example, a public building constructed in the 1830s that is related to the historic context of Civil War campaigns in the area might also be related to the theme of political developments in the community during the 1880s. A property is only required, however, to be documented as significant in one context. COMPARING RELATED PROPERTIES Properties listed in the National Register must possess significance when evaluated in the perspective of their historic context. Once the historic context is established and the property type is determined, it is not necessary to evaluate the property in question against other properties if: • It is the sole example of a prop- erty type that is important in il- lustrating the historic context or • It clearly possesses the defined characteristics required to strongly represent the context. If these two conditions do not apply, then the property will have to be evaluated against other examples of the property type to determine its eligibility. The geographic level (local, State, or national) at which this evaluation is made is the same as the level of the historic context. (See Part V: How to Evaluate a Property Within Its Historic Context.) LOCAL, STATE, AND NATIONAL HISTORIC CONTEXTS Historic contexts are found at a variety of geographical levels or scales. The geographic scale selected may relate to a pattern of historical development, a political division, or a cultural area. Regardless of the scale, the historic context establishes the framework from which decisions about the significance of related properties can be made. LOCAL HISTORIC CONTEXTS A local historic context represents an aspect of the history of a town, city, county, cultural area, or region, or any portions thereof. It is defined by the importance of the property, not necessarily the physical location of the property. For instance, if a property is of a type found throughout a State, or its boundaries extend over two States, but its importance relates only to a particular county, the property would be considered of local signifi- cance. The level of context of archeologi- cal sites significant for their informa- tion potential depends on the scope of the applicable research design. For example, a Late Mississippian village site may yield information in a research design concerning one settlement system on a regional scale, while in another research design it may reveal information of local importance concerning a single group's stone tool manufacturing techniques or house forms. It is a question of how the available infor- mation potential is likely to be used. STATE HISTORIC CONTEXTS Properties are evaluated in a State context when they represent an aspect of the history of the State as a whole (or American Samoa, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands). These properties do not necessarily have to belong to property types found throughout the entire State: they can be located in only a portion of the State's present political bound- ary. It is the property's historic context that must be important statewide. For example, the "cotton belt" extends through only a portion of Georgia, yet its historical develop- ment in the antebellum period af- fected the entire State. These State historic contexts may have associated properties that are statewide or locally significant representations. A cotton gin in a small town might be a locally significant representation of this context, while one of the largest cotton producing plantations might be of State significance. A property whose historic associa- tions or information potential appears to extend beyond a single local area might be significant at the State level. A property can be significant to more than one community or local area, however, without having achieved State significance. A property that overlaps several State boundaries can possibly be significant to the State or local history of each of the States. Such a property is not necessarily of national signifi- cance, however, nor is it necessarily significant to all of the States in which it is located. Prehistoric sites are not often considered to have "State" signifi- cance, per se, largely because States are relatively recent political entities and usually do not correspond closely to Native American political territo- ries or cultural areas. Numerous sites, however, may be of significance to a large region that might geographi- cally encompass parts of one, or usually several, States. Prehistoric resources that might be of State significance include regional sites that provide a diagnostic assemblage of artifacts for a particular cultural group or time period or that provide chronological control (specific dates or relative order in time) for a series of cultural groups.