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HomeMy WebLinkAbout20120404WASHINGTON COUNTY HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION A Washington County Administrative Annex 80 West Baltimore Street Hagerstown, Maryland 21740-6003 Telephone: 240-313-2430 FAX: 240-313-2431 Deaf and Hard of Hearing call 7-1-1 for Maryland Relay AGENDA HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION FOR WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND CONFERENCE ROOM 1A & B WASHINGTON COUNTY ADMINISTRATIVE ANNEX 80 WEST BALTIMORE STREET April 4, 2012 7:00PM M REGULAR MEETING AGENDA - 7:00 PM A. Call to Order & Roll Call B. Minutes — March 7, 2012* C. Communications & Bills D. Unfinished Business 1. Design Guidelines — Review of Chapter 5 (time permitting) E. Budget F. New Business 1. National Register nomination — Elmwood, 16311 Kendle Rd., Williamsport, MD (please bring registration form distributed during March meeting) 2. MD 494 at Fairview Road — request for comments * G. Other Business H. Closed Session I. Adjournment * = written material enclosed \HDC\aAPR2012.DOC NOTICE IS GIVEN THAT THE HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION MAY MEET IN CLOSED SESSION PURSUANT TO SECTION 10.508, STATE GOVERNMENT ARTICLE, ANNOTATED CODE OF MARYLAND. INDIVIDUALS REQUIRING SPECIAL ACCOMMODATIONS ARE REQUESTED TO CONTACT THE WASHINGTON COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT. CONTACT PLANNING DEPARTMENT AT (240)313-2.430 VOICEIFDD TO MAKE ARRANGEMENTS NO LATER THAN TEN (10) WORKING DAYS PRIOR TO THE MEETING. www.washco-md,net - - RECYCLED PAPER PREFACE Preserving historic properties as important reflections of our American heritage became a national policy through passage of the Antiquities Act of 1906, the Historic Sites Act of 1935, and the National Historic Pres- ervation Act of 1966, as amended. The Historic Sites Act authorized the Secretary of the Interior to identify and recognize properties of national significance (National Historic Land- marks) in United States history and archeology. The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 authorized the Secretary to expand this recogni- tion to properties of local -and State significance in American history, ar- chitecture, archeology, engineering, and culture, and worthy of preserva- tion. The National Register of His- toric Places is the official list of these recognized properties, and is main- tained and expanded by the National Park Service on behalf of the Secretary of the Interior' The National Register of Historic Places documents the appearance and importance of districts, sites, build- ings, structures, and objects signifi- cant in our prehistory and history. These properties represent the major patterns of our shared local, State, and national experience. To guide the selection of properties included in the National Register, the National Park Service has developed the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. These criteria are standards by which every property that is nominated to the National Register is judged. In addition, the National Park Service has developed criteria for the recogni- tion of nationally significant proper- ties, which are designated National Historic Landmarks and prehistoric and historic units of the National Park System. Both these sets of criteria were developed to be consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Stan- dards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation, which are uni- form, national standards for preserva- tion activities.2 This publication explains how the National Park Service applies these criteria in evaluating the wide range of properties that may be significant in local, State, and national history. It should be used by anyone who must decide if a particular property qualifies for the National Register of Historic Places. Listing properties in the National Register is an important step in a na- tionwide preservation process. The responsibility for the"identification, initial evaluation, nomination, and - treatment of historic resources lies with private individuals, State historic preservation offices, and Federal pres- ervation offices, local governments, and Indian tribes. The final evalua- tion and listing of properties in the National Register is the responsibility of the Keeper of the National Register. This bulletin was prepared by staff - of the National Register Branch, Inter- agency Resources Division, National Park Service, with the assistance of the History Division. It was originally is- sued in draft form in 1982. The draft was revised into final form by Patrick W. Andrus, Historian, National Regis- ter, and edited by Rebecca H. Shrimpton, Consulting Historian. Beth L. Savage, National Register and Sarah Dillard Pope, National Reg- ister, NCSHPO coordinated the latest revision of this bulletin. Antionette J. Lee, Tanya Gossett, and Kira Badamo coordinated earlier revisions. 'Properties listed in the National Register receive limited Federal protection and certain benefits. For more information concerning the effects of listing, and how the National Register may be used by the general public and Certified Local Governments, as well as by local, State, and Federal agencies, and for copies of National Register Bulletins, contact the National Park Service, National Register, 1849 C Street, NW, NC400, Washington, D.C., 20240. information may also be obtained by visiting the National Register Web site at www.cr.nps.gov/nr or by contacting any of the historic preservation offices in the States and territories. 'The Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation are found in the Federal Register, Vol. 48, No. 190 (Thursday, September 29, 1983). A copy can be obtained by writing the National Park Service, Heritage Preservation Services (at the address above). TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface.......................................................................................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................................1 II. National Register Criteria for Evaluation.............................................................................................................................2 III. How to Use this Bulletin to Evaluate a Property.................................................................................................................3 IV. How to Define Categories of Historic Properties................................................................................................................4 7 V. How to Evaluate a Property Within its Historic Context ........... Understanding Historic Contexts............................................................................................................................................. 7 How to Evaluate a Property Within Its Historic Context.....................................................................................................7 Properties Significant Within More Than on Historic Context...................................................................................9 ComparingRelated Properties.......................................................................................................................................... 9 Local, State, and National Historic Contexts.......................................................................................................................... 9 VI. How to Identify the Type of Significance of a Property Introduction............................................................................................................................ CriterionA: Event................................................................................................................. Understanding Criterion A......................................................................................... ApplyingCriterion A................................................................................................... Typesof Events...................................................................................................... Association of the Property with the Events ..................................................... Significance of the Association............................................................................ Traditional Cultural Values................................................................................. CriterionB: Person................................................................................................................ UnderstandingCriterion B.............................................................................................� ApplyingCriterion B........................................................................................................ Significance of the Individual............................................................................... Association with the Property ........... Comparison to Related Properties....................................................................... Association with Groups....................................................................................... Association with Living Persons.......................................................................... Association with Architects/Artisans................................................................. NativeAmerican Sites............................................................................................ Criterion C: Design/Construction.......................................................... Understanding Criterion C.................................................................. ApplyingCriterion C............................................................................ 11 ...................................................17 ...................................................17 ...................................................18 ii Distinctive Characteristics of Type, Period, and Method of Construction.............................................................. 18 Historic Adaptation of the Original Property.............................................................................................................. 19 Worksof a Master.............................................................................................................................................................20 Properties Possessing High Artistic Values..................................................................................................................20 Criterion D: Information Potential........................................................................................................................................ 21 UnderstandingCriterion D.................................................................................................................................................21 ApplyingCriterion D........................................................................................................................................................... 21 ArcheologicalSites..................................................................................................................................................... 21 Buildings, Structures, and Objects.......................................................................................................................... 21 Association with Human Activity.......................................................................................................................... 22 Establishing a Historic Context............................................................................................................................... 22 DevelopingResearch Questions.............................................................................................................................. 22 Establishing the Presence of Adequate Data............:............................................................................................23 Integrity....................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Partly Excavated or Disturbed Properties.............................................................................................................23 CompletelyExcavated Sites.....................................................................................................................................24 VIE' How to Apply the Criteria Considerations 25 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................ 25 Criteria Consideration A: Religious Properties...................................................................................................................26 Understanding Criteria Consideration A...............................................................................................:......................26 ApplyingCriteria Consideration A...............................................................................................................................26 Eligibilityfor Historic Events..................................................................................................................................26 Eligibilityfor Historic Persons................................................................................................................................. 27 Eligibility for Architectural or Artistic Distinction..............................................................................................28 Eligibility for Information Potential....................................................................................................................... 28 Ability to Reflect Historic Associations.................................................................................................................. 28 Criteria Consideration B: Moved Properties........................................................................................................................29 Understanding Criteria Consideration B......................................................................................................................29 ApplyingCriteria Consideration B................................................................................................................................ 29 Eligibility for Architectural Value...........................................................................................................................29 Eligibility for Historic Associations........................................................................................................................30 Settingand Environment.......................................................................................................................................... 30 Association Dependent on the Site.........................................................................................................................30 Properties Designed to Be Moved........................................................................................................................... 31 ArtificiallyCreated Groupings................................................................................................................................31 Portionsof Properties................................................................................................................................................ 31 Criteria Consideration C: Birthplaces and Graves..............................................................................................................32 Understanding Criteria Consideration C......................................................................................................................32 ApplyingCriteria Consideration C................................................................................................................................32 Persons of Outstanding Importance.......................................................................................................................32 Last Surviving Property Associated with a Person..............................................................................................32 Eligibility for Other Associations............................................................................................................................ 33 Criteria Consideration D: Cemeteries...................................................................................................................................34 Understanding Criteria Consideration D......................................................................................................................34 ApplyingCriteria Consideration D...............................................................................................................................34 Persons of Transcendent Importance..................................................................................................................... 34 Eligibilityon the Basis of Age.................................................................................................................................. 35 Eligibilityfor Design.................................................................................................................................................35 Eligibility for Association with Events...................................................................................................................35 Eligibility for Information Potential....................................................................................................................... 35 Integrity....................................................................................................................................................................... 36 NationalCemeteries.................................................................................................................................................. 36 Criteria Consideration E: Reconstructed Properties...........................................................................................................37 Understanding Criteria Consideration E......................................................................................................................37 ApplyingCriteria Consideration E................................................................................................................................37 Accuracy of the Reconstruction...............................................................................................................................37 SuitableEnvironment................................................................................................................................................ 37 RestorationMaster Plans..........................................................................................................................................38 iii LastSurviving Property of a Type...............................................................................................................................38 Reconstructions Older than Fifty Years.......................................................................................................................38 Criteria Consideration F: Commemorative Properties......................................................................................................39 Understanding Criteria Consideration F...................................................................................................:......................39 ApplyingCriteria Consideration F....................................................................................................................................39 Eligibilityfor Design................................................................................................................................................. 39 Eligibility for Age, Tradition, or Symbolic Value.................................................................................................40 Ineligibility as the Last Representative of an Event or Person...........................................................................40 Criteria Consideration G: Properties that Have Achieved Significance Within the Past Fifty Years ........................41 Understanding Criteria Consideration G.........................................................................................................................41 ApplyingCriteria Consideration G...................................................................................................................................42 Eligibility for Exceptional Importance...................................................................................................................42 HistoricalPerspective................................................................................................................................................42 National Park Service Rustic Architecture............................................................................................................42 Veterans Administration Hospitals........................................................................................................................42 Comparison with Related Properties......................................................................................................................42 WorldWar II Properties...........................................................................................................................................42 Eligibility for Information Potential.......................................................................................................................43 HistoricDistricts........................................................................................................................................................ 43 Properties Over Fifty Years in Age, Under Fifty Years in Significance............................................................43 Requirement to Meet the Criteria, Regardless of Age......................................................................................... 43 VIII. IX. X. XI. Howto Evaluate the Integrity of a Property..............................................................................................................44 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Understanding the Aspects of Integrity........................................................................................................................ 44 Location....................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Design.......................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Setting.......................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Materials...................................................................................................................................................................... 45 Workmanship............................................................................................................................................................. 45 Feeling.......................................................................................................................................................................... 45 Association.................................................................................................................................................................. 45 AssessingIntegrity in Properties.................................................................................................................................... 45 Defining the Essential Physical Features...............................................................................................................46 Visibility of the Physical Features...........................................................................................................................46 ComparingSimilar Properties.................................................................................................................................47 Determining the Relevant Aspects of Integrity....................................................................................................48 Summary of the National Historic Landmarks Criteria for Evaluation...............................................................50 53 List of National Register Bulletins...............................................................................................................................54 iv I. INTRODUCTION The National Register is the nation's inventory of historic places and the national repository of docu- mentation on the variety of historic property types, significance, abun- dance, condition, ownership, needs, and other information. It is the begin- ning of a national census of historic properties. The National Register Cri- teria for Evaluation define the scope of the National Register of Historic Places; they identify the range of re- sources and kinds of significance that will qualify properties for listing in the National Register. The Criteria are written broadly to recognize the wide variety of historic properties as- sociated with our prehistory and his- tory. Decisions concerning the signifi- cance, historic integrity, documenta- tion, and treatment of properties can be made reliably only when the re- source is evaluated within its historic context. The historic context serves as the framework within which the Na- tional Register Criteria are applied to specific properties or property types. (See Part V for a brief discussion of historic contexts. Detailed guidance for developing and applying historic contexts is contained in National Reg- ister Bulletin: How to Complete the Na- tional Register Registration Form and National Register Bulletin: How to Com- plete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form ) The guidelines provided here are intended to help you understand the National Park Service's use of the Cri- teria for Evaluation, historic contexts, integrity, and Criteria Considerations, and how they apply to properties un- der consideration for listing in the National Register. Examples are pro- vided throughout, illustrating specific circumstances in which properties are and are not eligible for the National Register. This bulletin should be used by anyone who is: • Preparing to nominate a property to the National Register, • Seeking a determination of a property's eligibility, • Evaluating the comparable sig- nificance of a property to those listed in the National Register, or • Expecting to nominate a property as a National Historic Landmark in addition to nominating it to the National Register. This bulletin also contains a sum- mary of the National Historic Land- marks Criteria for Evaluation (see Part IX). National Historic Land- marks are those districts, sites, build- ings, structures, and objects desig- nated by the Secretary of the Interior as possessing national significance in American history, architecture, arche- ology, engineering, and culture. Al- though National Register documenta- tion includes a recommendation about whether a property is signifi- cant at the local, State, or national level, the only official designation of national significance is as a result of National Historic Landmark designa- tion by the Secretary of the Interior, National Monument designation by the President of the United States, or establishment as a unit of the National Park System by Congress. These properties are automatically listed in the National Register. II. THE NATIONAL REGISTER.. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION:3 The quality of significance in American history, architecture, arche- ology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess in- tegrity of location, design, setting, ma- terials, workmanship, feeling, and as- sociation, and: A. That are associated with events that have made a significant contribu- tion to the broad patterns of our history; or B. That are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or C. That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or D. That have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. CRITERIA CONSIDERATIONS: Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces, or graves of historical figures, proper- ties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, structures that have been moved from their original locations, reconstructed his- toric buildings, properties primarily commemorative in nature, and prop- erties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years shall not be considered eligible for the National Register. However, such properties will qualifj if they are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria or if they fall within the following catego- ries: a. A religious property deriving primary significance from architec- tural or artistic distinction or historical importance; or b. A building or structure removed from its original location but which is significant primarily for architec- tural value, or which is the surviv- ing structure most importantly associated with a historic person or event; or c. A birthplace or grave of a historical figure of outstanding importance if there is no appropriate site or building directly associated with his or her productive life; or d. A cemetery which derives its primary significance from graves of persons of transcendent impor- tance, from age, from distinctive design features, or from association with historic events; or e. A reconstructed building when accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a restoration master plan, and when no other building or structure with the same association has survived; or f. A property primarily commemora- tive in intent if design, age, tradi- tion, or symbolic value has in- vested it with its own exceptional significance; or g. A property achieving significance within the past 50 years if it is of exceptional importance. 'The Criteria for Evaluation are found in the Code of Federal Res; lations, Title 36, Part 60, and are reprinted herein full. III. HOW TO USE THIS BULLETIN TO EVALUATE A PROPERTY For a property to qualify for the National Register it must meet one of the National Register Criteria for Evaluation by: 2. • Being associated with an impor- tant historic context and • Retaining historic integrity of those features necessary to con- vey its significance. Information about the property based on physical examination and documentary research is necessary to evaluate a property's eligibility for the National Register. Evaluation of a property is most efficiently made when following this sequence: 1. Categorize the property (Part IV). pr�must be classified as a district, site, building, structure, or object for inclusion in the National Register. Determine which prehistoric or historic contex s the property represents (Part V). A property must possess significance in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, or culture when evaluated within the historic context of a relevant geographic area. 3. Determine whether the property is significant under the National Register Criteria (Part VI). This is done by en identifying the links to important events or persons, design or construction features, or information potential that make the property important. 4. Determine if the property repre- sents a type usual] excluded from the National Register art II). If so, determine if it meets any of the Criteria Considerations. 5. Determine whether the property re.tainai&uiegiIiy (Part VIII). Evaluate the aspects of location, design, setting, workmanship, ma- terials, feeling, and association that the property must retain to convey its historic significance. If, after completing these steps, the property appears to qualify for the Na- tional Register, the next step is to pre- pare a written nomination. (Refer to National Register Bulletin: Flow to Complete the National Register Registra- tion Form.) IV HOW TO DEFINE CATEGORIES OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES The National Register of Historic Places includes significant properties, classified as buildings, sites, districts, structures, or objects. It is not used to list intangible values, except in so far as they are associated with or re- flected by historic properties. The Na- tional Register does not list cultural events, or skilled or talented individu- als, as is done in some countries. Rather, the National Register is ori- ented to recognizing physically con- crete properties that are relatively fixed in location. For purposes of National Register nominations, small groups of proper- ties are listed under a single category, using the primary resource. For ex- ample, a city hall and fountain would be categorized by the city hall (build- ing), a farmhouse with two outbuild- ings would be categorized by the farmhouse (building), and a city park with a gazebo would be categorized by the park (site). Properties with large acreage or a number of re- sources are usually considered dis- tricts. Common sense and reason should dictate the selection of catego- ries. BUILDING A building, such as a house, barn, church, hotel, or similar'construc- tion, is created principally to shelter any form of human activity. "Build- ing" may also be used to refer to a historically and functionally related unit, such as a courthouse and jail or a house and barn. Buildings eligible for the National Register must include all of their basic structural elements. Parts of build- ings, such as interiors, facades, or wings, are not eligible independent of the rest of the existing building. The whole building must be considered, and its significant features must be identified. If a building has lost any of its basic structural elements, it is usually con- sidered a "ruin" and is categorized as a site. Examples of buildings include administration building carriage house church city or toron hall courthouse detached kitchen, barn, and privy dormitory fort garage hotel house library mill building office building post office school social hall sited stable store theater train station STRUCTURE The term "structure" is used to distinguish from buildings those functional constructions made usu- ally for purposes other than creating human shelter. Structures nominated to the National Register must include all of the extant basic structural elements. Parts of structures can not be consid ered eligible if the whole structure remains. For example, a truss bridge is composed of the metal or wooden truss, the abutments, and supporting piers, all of which, if extant, must be included when considering the property for eligibility. If a structure has lost its historic configuration or pattern of organiza- tion through deterioration or demoli- tion, it is usually considered a "ruin" and is categorized as a site. Examples of structures include: aircraft apiary automobile bandstand boats and ships bridge cairn canal carousel corncrib dam earthwork fence gazebo grain elevator highway irrigation system kiln lighthouse railroad grade silo trolley car tunnel windmill OBJECT The term "object" is used to distinguish from buildings and structures those constructions that are primarily artistic in nature or are relatively small in scale and simply constructed. Although it may be, by nature or design, movable, an object is associated with a specific setting or environment. Small objects not designed for a specific location are normally not eligible. Such works include trans- portable sculpture, furniture, and other decorative arts that, unlike a fixed outdoor sculpture, do not possess association with a specific place. Objects should be in a setting appropriate to their significant historic use, roles, or character. Objects relocated to a museum are inappropriate for listing in the Na- tional Register. Examples of objects include boundary marker fountain milepost monument- scupture statuary SITE A site is the location of a signifi- cant event, a prehistoric or historic occupation or activity, or a building or structure, whether standing, ruined, or vanished, where the location itself possesses historic, cultural, or archeological value regardless of the value of any exist- ing structure. A site can possess associative significance or information potential or both, and can be significant under any or all of the four criteria. A site need not be marked by physical remains if it is the location of a prehistoric or historic event or pattern of events and if no buildings, struc- tures, or objects marked it at the time of the events. However, when the location of a prehistoric or historic event cannot be conclusively deter- mined because no other cultural materials were present or survive, documentation must be carefully evaluated to determine whether the traditionally recognized or identified site is accurate. A site may be a natural landmark strongly associated with significant prehistoric or historic events or patterns of events, if the significance of the natural feature is well docu- mented through scholarly research. Generally, though, the National Register excludes from the definition of "site" natural waterways or bodies of water that served as determinants in the location of communities or were significant in the locality's subsequent economic development. While they may have been "avenues of exploration," the features most appropriate to document this signifi- cance are the properties built in association with the waterways. Examples of sites inc/tide battlefield campsite cemeteries significant for information potential or historic association ceremonial site designed landscape habitation site natural feature (such as a rock formation) having cultural significance petroglyph rock carving rock shelter ruins of a building or structure shipwreck trail village site DISTRICT A district possesses a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites, buildings, structures, or objects united historically or aes- thetically by plan or physical devel- opment. CONCENTRATION, LINKAGE, & CONTINUITY OF FEATURES A district derives its importance from being a unified entity, even though it is often composed of a wide variety of resources. The identity of a district results from the interrelation- ship of its resources, which can convey a visual sense of the overall historic environment or be an ar- rangement of historically or function- ally related properties. For example, a district can reflect one principal •activity, such as a mill or a ranch, or it can encompass several interrelated activities, such as an area that in- cludes industrial, residential, or commercial buildings, sites, struc- tures, or objects. A district can also be a grouping of archeological sites related primarily by their common components; these types of districts often will not visually represent a specific historic environment. SIGNIFICANCE A district must be significant, as well as being an identifiable entity. It must be important for historical, architectural, archeological, engineer- ing, or cultural values. Therefore, districts that are significant will usually meet the last portion of Criterion C plus Criterion A, Criterion B, other portions of Criterion C, or Criterion D. TYPES OF FEATURES A district can comprise both features that lack individual distinc- tion and individually distinctive features that serve as focal points. It may even be considered eligible if all of the components lack individual distinction, provided that the group- ing achieves significance as a whole within its historic context. In either case, the majority of the components that add to the district's historic character, even if they are individu- ally undistinguished, must possess integrity, as must the district as a whole. A district can contain buildings, structures, sites, objects, or open spaces that do not contribute to the significance of the district. The number of noncontributing properties a district can contain yet still convey its sense of time and place and historical development depends on how these properties affect the district's integrity. In archeological districts, the primary factor to be considered is the effect of any distur- bances on the information potential of the district as a whole. GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES A district must be a definable geographic area that can be distin- guished from surrounding properties by changes such as density, scale, type, age, style of sites, buildings, structures, and objects, or by docu- mented differences in patterns of historic development or associations. It is seldom defined, however, by the limits of current parcels of ownership, management, or planning boundaries. The boundaries must be based upon a shared relationship among the properties constituting the district. DISCONTIGUOUS DISTRICTS A district is usually a single geo- graphic area of contiguous historic properties; however, a district can - also be composed of two or more definable significant areas separated by nonsignificant areas. A discontiguous district is most appro- priate where: • Elements are spatially discrete; • Space between the elements is not related to the significance of the district; and • Visual continuity is not a factor in the significance. In addition, a canal can be treated as a discontiguous district when the system consists of man-made sections of canal interspersed with sections of river navigation. For scattered archeological properties, a discontiguous district is appropriate when the deposits are related to each other through cultural affiliation, period of use, or site type. Ordeman-Shaw Historic District, Montgomery, Montgomery County, Alabama. Historic districts derive their identity from the in terrationship of their resources. Part of the defining characteristics of this 19th century residential district in Montgomery, Alabama, is found in the rhythmic pattern of the rows of decorative porches. (Frank L. Thiermonge,111) It is not appropriate to use the discontiguous district format to include an isolated resource or small group of resources which were once connected to the district, but have since been separated either through demolition or new construction. For example, do not use the discontiguous district format to nominate individual buildings of a downtown commerical district that have become isolated through demolition. Examples of districts irylude: business districts canal systems groups of habitation sites college campuses estates and farms with large acreage/ numerous properties industrial complexes irrigation systems residential areas rural villages transportation networks rural historic districts V. HOW TO EVALUATE A PROPERTY WITHIN ITS HISTORIC CONTEXT UNDERSTANDING HISTORIC CONTEXTS To qualify for the National Regis- ter, a property must be significant; that is, it must represent a significant part of the history, architecture, archeology, engineering, or culture of an area, and it must have the charac- teristics that make it a good represen- tative of properties associated with that aspect of the past. This section explains how to evaluate a property within its historic context' The significance of a historic property can be judged and explained only when it is evaluated within its historic context. Historic contexts are those patterns or trends in history by which a specific occurrence, property, or site is understood and its meaning (and ultimately its significance) within history or prehistory is made clear. Historians, architectural historians, folklorists, archeologists, and anthropologists use different words to describe this phenomena such as trend, pattern,. theme, or cultural affiliation, but ultimately the concept is the same. The concept of historic context is not a new one; it has been fundamen- tal to the study of history since the 18th century and, arguably, earlier than that. Its core premise is that resources, properties, or happenings in history do not occur in a vacuum huta theri?F5f1argrUefidor Tatterns In order to decide whether a property g is ti , tican_ t within its historic context, the following the things mmust be determined: • The facet of prehistory or history of the local area, State, or the na- tion that the property represents; • Whether that facet of prehistory or history is si nificant; 7 • Whether it is a ype of propel that has relevance and impor- tance in i lustrating the historic context; • How the property illustrates that riTMry; and finally • Whether the property possesses the physical features necessary to convey the aspect o—Fprehis[ory or history with which it is associ- ated. These five steps are discussed in detail below. If the property being evaluated does represent an impor- tant aspect of the area's history or prehistory and possesses the requisite quality of integrity, then it qualifies for the National Register. HOW TO EVALUATE A PROPERTY WITHIN ITS HISTORIC CONTEXT Identify what the property repre- sents: the theme(s), geographical limits, and chronological period that provide a perspective from which to evaluate the property's significance. Historic contexts are historical patterns that can be identified through consideration of the history of the property and the history of the sur- rounding area. Historic contexts may have already been defined in your area by the State historic preservation office, Federal agencies, or local governments. In accordance with the National Regis- ter Criteria, the historic context may relate to one of the following: • An event, a series of events or ac- tivities, or patterns of an area's de- velopment (Criterion A); • Association with the life of an im- portant person (Criterion B); • A building form, architectural style, engineering technique, or artistic values, based on a stage of physical development, or the use of a mate- rial or method of construction that shaped the historic identity of an area (Criterion C); or • A research topic (Criterion D). ' For a complete discussion of historic contexts, see National Register Ballet in: Guidelines for Completing National Register of Historic Places Registration Farms. Determine how the theme of the context is significant in the history of the local area, the State, or the nation. A theme is a means of organizing properties into coherent patterns based on elements such as environ- ment, social/ethnic groups, transpor- tation networks, technology, or political developments that have influenced the development of an area during one or more periods of prehis- tory or history. A theme is considered significant if it can be demonstrated, through scholarly research, to be important in American history. Many significant themes can be found in the following list of Areas of Significance used by the National Register. AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE Agriculture Architecture Archeology Prehistoric Historic —Aboriginal Historic —Non -Aboriginal Art Commerce Communications Community Planning and Development Conservation Economics Education Engineering Entertainment/Ree rea t ion Ethnic Heritage Asian Black European Hispanic Native American Pacific Islander Other Exploration/Settlement Health/Medicine Industry Invention Landscape Architecture Law Literature Maritime History Military Performing Arts Philosophy Politics/Government Religion Science Social History Transportation Other Determine what the property type is and whether it is important in illustrating the historic context. A context may be represented by a variety of important property types. For example, the context of "Civil War Military Activity in Northern Virginia" might be represented by such properties as: a group of mid - 19th century fortification structures; an open field where a battle occurred; a knoll from which a general directed troop movements; a sunken transport ship; the residences or public build- ings that served as company head- quarters; a railroad bridge that served as a focal point for a battle; and earthworks exhibiting particular construction techniques. Because a historic context for a community can be based on a distinct period of development, it might include numerous property types. For example, the context "Era of Industrialization in Grand Bay, Michigan, 1875 - 1900" could be represented by important property types as diverse as sawmills, paper mill sites, salt refining plants, flour mills, grain elevators, furniture factories, workers housing, commer- cial buildings, social halls, schools, churches, and transportation facilities. A historic context can also be based on a single important type of prop- erty. The context "Development of County Government in Georgia, 1777 - 1861" might be represented solely by courthouses. Similarly, "Bridge Construction in Pittsburgh, 1870 - 1920" would probably only have one property type. Determine how the property represents the context through specific historic associations, archi- tectural or engineering values, or information potential (the Criteria for Evaluation). For example, the context of county government expansion is represented under Criterion A by historic districts or buildings that reflect population growth, development patterns, the role of government in that society, and political events in the history of the State, as well as the impact of county government on the physical development of county seats. Under Criterion C, the context is represented by properties whose architectural treatments reflect their governmental functions, both practically and symbolically. (See Part VI: How to Identifij the Type of Significance of a Property.) Determine what physical features the property must possess in order for it to reflect the significance of the historic context. These physical features can be determined after identifying the following: • Which types of properties are as- sociated with the historic context, • The ways in which properties can represent the theme, and • The applicable aspects of integ- rity. Properties that have the defined characteristics are eligible for listing. (See Part VIII: How to Evaluate the Integrity of a Property.) PROPERTIES SIGNIFICANT WITHIN MORE THAN ONE HISTORIC CONTEXT A specific property can be signifi- cant within one or more historic contexts, and, if possible, all of these should be identified. For example, a public building constructed in the 1830s that is related to the historic context of Civil War campaigns in the area might also be related to the theme of political developments in the community during the 1880s. A property is only required, however, to be documented as significant in one context. COMPARING RELATED PROPERTIES Properties listed in the National Register must possess significance when evaluated in the perspective of their historic context. Once the historic context is established and the property type is determined, it is not necessary to evaluate the property in question against other properties if: • It is the sole example of a prop- erty type that is important in il- lustrating the historic context or • It clearly possesses the defined characteristics required to strongly represent the context. If these two conditions do not apply, then the property will have to be evaluated against other examples of the property type to determine its eligibility. The geographic level , (local, State, or national) at which this evaluation is made is the same as the level of the historic context. (See Part V: How to Evaluate a Property Within Its Historic Context.) LOCAL, STATE, AND NATIONAL HISTORIC CONTEXTS Historic contexts are found at a variety of geographical levels or scales. The geographic scale selected may relate to a pattern of historical development, a political division, or a cultural area. Regardless of the scale, the historic context establishes the framework from which decisions about the significance of related Properties can be made. LOCAL HISTORIC CONTEXTS A local historic context represents an aspect of the history of a town, city, county, cultural area, or region, or any portions thereof. It is defined by the importance of the property, not necessarily the physical location of the property. For instance, if a property is of a type found throughout a State, or its boundaries extend over two States, but its importance relates only to a particular county, the property would be considered of local signifi- cance. The level of context of archeologi- cal sites significant for their informa- tion potential depends on the scope of the applicable research design. For example, a Late Mississippian village site may yield information in a research design concerning one settlement system on a regional scale, while in another research design it may reveal information of local importance concerning a single group's stone tool manufacturing techniques or house forms. It is a question of how the available infor- mation potential is likely to be used. STATE HISTORIC CONTEXTS Properties are evaluated in a State context when they represent an aspect of the history of the State as a whole (or American Samoa, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands). These properties do not necessarily have to belong to property types found throughout the entire State: they can be located in only a portion of the State's present political bound- ary. It is the property's historic context that must be important statewide. For example, the "cotton belt" extends through only a portion of Georgia, yet its historical develop- ment in the antebellum period af- fected the entire State. These State historic contexts may have associated properties that are statewide or locally significant representations. A cotton gin in a small town might be a locally significant representation of this context, while one of the largest cotton producing plantations might be of State significance. A property whose historic associa- tions or information potential appears to extend beyond a single local area might be significant at the State level. A property can be significant to more than one community or local area, however, without having achieved State significance. A property that overlaps several State boundaries can possibly be significant to the State or local history of each of the States. Such a property is not necessarily of national signifi- cance, however, nor is it necessarily significant to all of the States in which it is located. Prehistoric sites are not often considered to have "State" signifi- cance, per se, largely because States are relatively recent political entities and usually do not correspond closely to Native American political territo- ries or cultural areas. Numerous sites, however, may be of significance to a large region that might geographi- cally encompass parts of one, or usually several, States. Prehistoric resources that might be of State significance include regional sites that provide a diagnostic assemblage of artifacts for a particular cultural group or time period or that provide chronological control (specific dates or relative order in time) for a series of cultural groups. NATIONAL HISTORIC CONTEXTS Properties are evaluated in a national context when they represent an aspect of the history of the United States and its territories as a whole. These national historic contexts may have associated properties that are locally or statewide significant representations, as well as those of national significance. Properties designated as nationally significant and listed in the National Register are the prehistoric and historic units of the National Park System and those properties that have been designated National Historic Landmarks. The National Historic Landmark criteria are the standards for nationally significant properties; they are found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 36, Part 65 and are summarized in this bulletin in Part IX: Summary of National Historic Land- marks Criteria for Evaluation. A property with national signifi- cance helps us understand the history of the nation by illustrating the nationwide impact of events or persons associated with the property, its architectural type or style, or information potential. It must be of exceptional value in representing or illustrating an important theme in the history of the nation. Nationally significant properties do not necessarily have to belong to a property type found throughout the entire country: they can be located in only a portion of the present political boundaries. It is their historic context that must be important nationwide. •For example, the American Civil War was fought in only a portion of the United States, yet its impact was nationwide. The site of a small military skirmish might be a locally significant representation of this national context, while the capture of the State's largest city might be a statewide significant representation of the national context. When evaluating properties at the national level for designation as a National Historic Landmark, please refer to the National Historic Land- marks outline, History and Prehistory in the National Park System and the National Historic Landmarks Program 1987. (For more information about the National Historic Landmarks program, please write to the Depart- ment of the Interior, National Park Service, National Historic Land- marks, 1849 C Street, NW, NC400, Washington, DC 20240.) 10 VI. HOW TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SIGNIFICANCE OF A PROPERTY INTRODUCTION When evaluated within its historic context, a property must be shown to be significant for one or more of the four Criteria for Evaluation - A, B, C, or D (listed earlier in Part if). The Criteria describe how properties are signifi- cant for their association with impor- tant events or persons, for their importance in design or construction, or for their information potential. The basis for judging a property's significance and, ultimately, its eligibility under the Criteria is historic context. The use of historic context allows a property to be properly evaluated in a nearly infinite number of capacities. For instance, Criterion C: Design/Construction can accom- modate properties representing construction types that are unusual or widely practiced, that are innovative or traditional, that are "high style" or vernacular, that are the work of a famous architect or an unknown master craftsman. The key to deternfin- ing whether the characteristics or associa- tions of a particular property are signifi- cant is to consider the property within its historic context. After identifying the relevant historic context(s) with which the property is associated, the four Criteria are applied to the property. Within the scope of the historic context, the National Register Criteria define the kind of significance that the properties represent. For example, within the context of "19th Century Gunpowder Produc- tion in the Brandywine Valley," Criterion A would apply to those properties associated with important events in the founding and develop- ment of the industry. Criterion B would apply to those properties associated with persons who are significant in the founding of the industry or associated with important inventions related to gunpowder manufacturing. Criterion C would apply to those buildings, structures, or objects whose architectural form or style reflect important design qualities integral to the industry. And Crite- rion D would apply to properties that can convey information important in our understanding of this industrial process. If a property qualifies under more than one of the Criteria, its significance under each should be considered, if possible, in order to identify all aspects of its historical value. NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION* The National Register Criteria recognize different types of values embodied in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects. These values fall into the following categories: Associative value (Criteria A and B): Properties significant for their association or linkage to events (Criterion A) or persons (Criterion B) important in the past. Design or Construction value (Criterion C): Properties significant as representatives of the manmade expression of culture or technology. Information value (Criterion D): Properties significant for their ability to yield important information about prehistory or history. 'For a complete listing of the Criteria for Evaluation, refer to Part II of this bulletin. 11 CRITERION C: DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION Properties may be eligible for the National Register if they embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. Richland Plantation, East Feliciano Parish, Louisiana. Properties can qualify under Criterion C as examples of high style architecture. Built in the 1830s, Richland is a fine example of a Federal style residence with a Greek Revival style portico. (Photo by Dave Gleason). UNDERSTANDING CRITERION C: DESIGN/ CONSTRUCTION This criterion applies to properties significant for their physical design or construction, including such elements as architecture, landscape architec- ture, engineering, and artwork. To be eligible under Criterion C, a property must meet at least one of the following requirements; • Embody distinctive characteris- tics of a type, period, or method of construction. • Represent the work of a master • Possess high artistic value. • Represent a significant and dis- tinguishable entity whose com- ponents may lack individual dis- tinction. The first requirement, that proper- ties "embody the distinctive charac- teristics of a type, period, or method of construction," refers to the way in which a property was conceived, designed, or fabricated by a people or culture in past periods of history. "The work of a master" refers to the technical or aesthetic achievements of an architect or craftsman. "High artistic values" concerns the expres- sion of aesthetic ideals or preferences and applies to aesthetic achievement. Resources "that represent a signifi- cant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual dis- tinction" are called "districts." In the Criteria for Evaluation (as published in the Code of Federal Regulations and reprinted here in Part II), districts are defined within the context of Crite- rion C. Districts, however; can be con- sidered for eligibility under all the Crite ria, individually or in any combina- tion, as is appropriate. For this rea- son, the full discussion of districts is contained in Part IV: How to Define Categories of Historic Properties. Throughout the bulletin, however, districts are mentioned within the context of a specific subject, such as an individual Criterion. Grant Family House, Saco vicinity, York County, Maine. Properties possessing high artistic value meet Criterion C through the expression of aesthetic ideals or preferences. The Grant Family House, a modest Federal style residence, is significant for its remarkably well-preserved stenciled wall decorative treatment in the entry hall and parlor. Painted by an unknown artist ca. 1825, this is a fine example of 19th century New England regional artistic expression. (Photo by Kirk F. Mohney). 17 V EXAMPLES OF PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH DESIGN! CONSTRUCTION Properties associated with design and construction: • A house or commercial building rep- resenting a significant style of archi- tecture. • A designed park or garden associated with a particular landscape design philosophy. • A movie theater embodying high ar- tistic value in its decorative features. • A bridge or dam representing techno- logical advances. APPLYING CRITERION C: DESIGN/ CONSTRUCTION DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPE, PERIOD, AND METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION This is the portion of Criterion C under which most properties are eligible, for it encompasses all archi- tectural styles and construction practices. To be eligible under this portion of the Criterion, a property must clearly illustrate, through "distinctive characteristics," the following: • The pattern of features common to a particular class of resources, • • The individuality or variation of features that occurs within the class, • The evolution of that class, or • The transition between classes of resources. Distinctive Characteristics: "Dis- tinctive characteristics" are the physi- cal features or traits that commonly recur in individual types, periods, or methods of construction. To be eligible, a property must clearly contain enough of those characteristics to be considered a true representative of a particular type, period, or method of construction. Characteristics can be expressed in terms such as form, proportion, struc- ture, plan, style, or materials. They can be general, referring to ideas of design and construction such as basic plan or form, or they can be specific, referring to precise ways of combining particular kinds of materials. Eligible • A building eligible under the theme of Gothic Revival archi- tecture must have the distinc- tive characteristics that make up the vertical and picturesque qualities of the style, such as pointed gables, steep roof pitch, board and batten siding, and ornamental bargeboard and veranda trim. • A late Mississippian village that illustrates the important concepts in prehistoric community design and plan- ning will qualify. • A designed historic landscape will qualify if it reflects a his- toric trend or school of theory and practice, such as the City Beautiful Movement, evidenc- ingdistinguished design, lay- out, and the work of skilled craftsmanship. Not Eligible • A commercial building with some Art Deco detailing is not eligible under Criterion C if the detailing was added merely as an afterthought, rather than fully integrated with overall lines and massing typical of the Art Deco style or the transition between that and another style. • A designed landscape that has had major changes to its his- toric design, vegetation, origi- nal boundary, topography/ grading, architectural features, and circulation system will not qualify. Type, Period, and Method of Construction: "Type, period, or method of construction" refers to the way certain properties are related to one another by cultural tradition or function, by dates of construction or style, or by choice or availability of materials and technology. A structure is eligible as a speci- men of its type or period of construc- tion if it is an important example (within its context) of building practices of a particular time in history. For properties that represent the variation, evolution, or transition of construction types, it must be demonstrated that the variation, etc., was an important phase of the archi- tectural development of the area or community in that it had an impact as evidenced by later buildings. A property is not eligible, however, simply because it has been identified as the only such property ever fabri- cated; it must be demonstrated to be significant as well. Eligible • A building that has some char- acteristics of the Romanesque Revival style and some charac- teristics of the Commercial style can qualify if it illustrates the transition of architectural design and the transition itself is considered an important ar- chitectural development. • A Hopewellian mound, if it is an important example of mound building construction techniques, would qualify as a method or type of construc- tion. • A building which illustrates the early or the developing technology of particular structural systems, such as skeletal steel framing, is eli- gible as an example of a particular method of construc- tion. 18 (ry\\ cv�y5 L� \ i Swan Falls Dam and Power Plant, Murphy vicinity, Ada County, Idaho. Significant works of engineering can qualify under Criterion C. Built between 1900- 1907 the Swan Falls Dam and Power Plant across the Snake River is one of/lie early hydroelectric plants in the State of Idaho. (Photo by H.L. Hough). Looney House, Asheville vicinity, St. Clair County, Alabama. Examples of vernacular styles of architecture can qualify under Criterion C. Built ca, 1818, the Looney House is significant as possibly the State's oldest extant two-story dogtrot type of dwelling. The defining open center passage of the dogtrot was a regional building response to the southern climate. (Photo by Carolyn Scott). HISTORIC ADAPTATION OF THE ORIGINAL PROPERTY A property can be significant not only for the way it was originally constructed or crafted, but also for the way it was adapted at a later period, or for the way it illustrates changing tastes, attitudes, and uses over a period of time. A district is eligible under this guideline if it illustrates the evolution of historic character of a place over a particular span of time. Eligible • A Native American irrigation system modified for use by Europeans could be eligible if it illustrates the technology of either or both periods of con- struction. • An early 19th century farm- house modified in the 1880s with Queen Anne style orna- mentation could be significant for the modification itself, if it represented a local variation or significant trend in building construction or remodelling, was the work of a local master (see Works of a Master on page 20), or reflected the tastes of an important person associated with the property at the time' of its alteration. • A district encompassing the commercial development of a town between 1820 and 1910, characterized by buildings of various styles and eras, can be eligible. 19 WORKS OF A MASTER A master is a figure of generally recognized greatness in a field, a known craftsman of consummate skill, or an anonymous craftsman whose work is distinguishable from others by its characteristic style and quality. The property must express a particular phase in the development of the master's career, an aspect of his or her work, or a particular idea or theme in his or her craft. A property is not eligible as the work of a master, however, simply because it was designed by a promi- nent architect. For example, not every building designed by Frank Lloyd Wright is eligible under this portion of Criterion C, although it might meet other portions of the Criterion, for instance as a representative of the Prairie style. The work of an unidentified craftsman is eligible if it rises above the level of workmanship of the other properties encompassed by the historic context. PROPERTIES POSSESSING HIGH ARTISTIC VALUES High artistic values may be ex- pressed in many ways, including areas as diverse as community design or planning, engineering, and sculp- ture. A property is eligible for its high artistic values if it so fully articulates a particular concept of design that it expresses an aesthetic ideal. A property is not eligible, however, if it does not express aesthetic ideals or design concepts more fully than other properties of its type. Eligible • A sculpture in a town square that epitomizes the design principles of the Art Deco style is eligible. • A building that is a classic ex- pression of the design theories of the Craftsman Style, such as carefully detailed handwork, is eligible. • A landscaped park that syn- thesizes early 20th century principles of landscape archi- tecture and expresses an aes- thetic ideal of environment can be eligible. • Properties that are important representatives of the aesthetic values of a cultural group, such as petroglyphs and ground drawings by Native Americans, are eligible. Not Eligible • A sculpture in a town square that is a typical example of sculpture design during its pe- riod would not qualify for high artistic value, although it might be eligible if it were sig- nificant for other reasons. • A building that is a modest ex- ample (within its historic con- text) of the Craftsman Style of architecture, or a landscaped park that is characteristic of turn of the century landscape design would not qualify for high artistic value. A Significant and Distinguishable Entity Whose Components May Lack Individual Distinction. This portion of Criterion C refers to districts. For detailed information on districts, refer to Part IV of this bulletin. 20 VIII. HOW TO EVALUATE THE INTEGRITY OF A PROPERTY INTRODUCTION Integrity is the ability of a prop- erty to convey its significance. To be listed in the National Register of Historic Places, a property must not only be shown to be significant' under the National Register criteria, but it also must have integrity. The evalua- tion of integrity is sometimes a subjective judgment, but it must always be grounded in an under- standing of a property's physical features and how they relate to its significance. Historic properties either retain integrity (this is, convey their signifi- cance) or they do not. Within the concept of integrity, the National Register criteria recognizes seven aspects or qualities that, in various combinations, define integrity. To retain historic integrity a property will always possess several, and usually most, of the aspects. The retention of specific aspects of integ- rity is paramount for a property to convey its significance. Determining which of these aspects are most important to a particular property requires knowing why, where, and when the property is significant. The following sections define the seven aspects and explain how they com- bine to produce integrity. SEVEN ASPECTS OF INTEGRITY • Location • Design • Setting • Materials • Workmanship • Feeling • Association UNDERSTANDING THE ASPECTS OF INTEGRITY LOCATION Location is the place where the historic property was constructed or the place where the historic event occurred. The relationship between the property and its location is often important to understanding why the property was created or why some- thing happened. The actual location of a historic property, complemented by its setting, is particularly important in recapturing the sense of historic events and persons. Except in rare cases, the relationship between a property and its historic associations is destroyed if the property is moved. (See Criteria Consideration B in Part VII: How to Apply the Criteria Consider- ations, for the conditions under which a moved property can be eligible.) DESIGN Design is the combination of elements that create the form, plan, space, structure, and style of a property. It results from conscious decisions made during the original conception and planning of a prop- erty (or its significant alteration) and applies to activities as diverse as community planning, engineering, architecture, and landscape architec- ture. Design includes such elements as organization of space, proportion, scale, technology, ornamentation, and materials. A property's design reflects historic functions and technologies as well as aesthetics. It includes such consider- ations as the structural system; massing; arrangement of spaces; pattern of fenestration; textures and colors of surface materials; type, amount, and style of ornamental detailing; and arrangement and type of plantings in a designed landscape. Design can also apply to districts, • whether they are important primarily for historic association, architectural value, information potential, or a combination thereof. For districts significant primarily for historic association or architectural value, design concerns more than just the individual buildings or structures located within the boundaries. It also applies to the way in which buildings, sites, or structures are related: for example, spatial relationships be- tween major features; visual rhythms in a streetscape or landscape plantings; the layout and materials of walkways and roads; and the relation- ship of other features, such as statues, water fountains, and archeological sites. 44 SETTING Setting is the physical environ- ment of a historic property. Whereas location refers to the specific place where a property was built or an event occurred, setting refers to the character of the place in which the property played its historical role. It involves how, not just where, the property is situated and its relationship to sur- rounding features and open space. Setting often reflects the basic physical conditions under which a property was built and the functions it was intended to serve. In addition, the way in which a property is posi- tioned in its environment can reflect the cdesigner's concept of nature and aesthetic preferences. The physical features that constitute the setting of a historic property can be either natural or manmade, includ- ing such elements as: • Topographic features (a gorge or the crest of a hill); • Vegetation; • Simple manmade features (paths or fences); and • Relationships between buildings and other features or open space. These features and their relation- ships should be examined not only within the exact boundaries of the property, but also between the prop- erty and its surroundings. This is particularly important for districts. MATERIALS Materials are the physical ele- ments that were combined or depos- ited during a particular period of time and in a particular pattern or configuration to form a historic property. The choice and combination of materials reveal the preferences of those who created the property and indicate the availability of particular types of materials and technologies. Indigenous materials are often the focus of regional building traditions and thereby help define an area's sense of time and place. A property must retain the key exterior materials dating from the period of its historic significance. If the property has been rehabilitated, the historic materials and significant features must have been preserved. The property must also be an actual historic resource, not a recreation; a recent structure fabricated to look historic is not eligible.' Likewise, a property whose historic features and materials have been lost and then reconstructed is usually not eligible. (See Criteria Consideration E in Part VII: How to Apply the Criteria Consider- ations for the conditions under which a reconstructed property can be eligible.) WORKMANSHIP Workmanship is the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people during any given period in history or prehistory. It is the evidence of artisans' labor and skill in constructing or altering a building, structure, object, or site. Workmanship can apply to the property as a whole or to its indi- vidual components. It can be ex- pressed in vernacular methods of construction and plain finishes or in highly sophisticated configurations and ornamental detailing. It can be based on common traditions or innovative period techniques. Workmanship is important because it can furnish evidence of the technol- ogy of a craft, illustrate the aesthetic principles of a historic or prehistoric period, and reveal individual, local, regional, or national applications of both technological practices and aesthetic principles. Examples of workmanship in historic buildings include tooling, carving, painting, graining, turning, and joinery. Ex- amples of workmanship in prehistoric contexts include Paleo-Indian clovis projectile points; Archaic period beveled adzes; Hopewellian birdstone pipes; copper earspools and worked bone pendants; and Iroquoian effigy pipes. FEELING Feeling is a property's expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period of time. It results from the presence of physical features that, taken together, convey the property's historic character. For example, a rural historic district retaining original design, materials, workmanship, and setting will relate the feeling of agricultural life in the 19th century. A grouping of prehis- toric petroglyphs, unmarred by graffiti and intrusions and located on its original isolated bluff, can evoke a sense of tribal spiritual life. ASSOCIATION Association is the direct link between an important historic event or person and a historic property. A property retains association if it is the place where the event or activity occurred and is sufficiently intact to convey that relationship to an ob- server. Like feeling, association requires the presence of physical features that convey a property's historic character. For example, a Revolutionary War battlefield whose natural and manmade elements have remained intact since the 18th century wilt retain its quality of association with the battle. Because feeling and association depend on individual perceptions, their retention alone is never sufficient to support eligibility of a property for the National Register. ASSESSING INTEGRITY IN PROPERTIES Integrity is based on significance: why, where, and when a property is important. Only after significance is fully established can you proceed to the issue of integrity. The steps in assessing integrity are • Define the essential physical fea- tures that must be present for a property to represent its signifi- cance. • Determine whether the essential physical features are visible enough to convey their signifi- cance. • Determine whether the property needs to be compared with simi- lar properties. And, • Determine, based on the signifi- cance and essential physical fea- tures, which aspects of integrity are particularly vital to the prop- erty being nominated and if they are present. Ultimately, the question of integ- rity is answered by whether or not the property retains the identity for which it is significant. 45 DEFINING THE ESSENTIAL PHYSICAL FEATURES All properties change over time. It is not necessary for a property to retain all its historic physical features or characteristics. The property must retain, however, the essential physical features that enable it to convey its historic identity. The essential physical features are those features that define both why a property is significant (Applicable Criteria and Areas of Significance) and when it was significant (Periods of Significance). They are the features without which a property can no longer be identified as, for instance, a late 19th century dairy barn or an early 20th century commercial district. CRITERIA A AND B A property that is significant for its historic association is eligible if it retains the essential physical features that made up its character or appear- ance during the period of its associa- tion with the important event, histori- cal pattern, or person(s). If the property is a site (such as a treaty site) where there are no material cultural remains, the setting must be intact. Archeological sites eligible under Criteria A and B must be in overall good condition with excellent preser- vation of features, artifacts, and spatial relationships to the extent that these remains are able to convey important associations with events or persons. CRITERION C A property important for illustrat- ing a particular architectural style or construction technique must retain most of the physical features that constitute that style or technique. A property that has lost some historic materials or details can be eligible if it retains the majority of the features that illustrate its style in terms of the massing, spatial relationships, propor- tion, pattern of windows and doors, texture of materials, and ornamenta- tion. The property is not eligible, however, if it retains some basic features conveying massing but has lost the majority of the features that once characterized its style. Archeological sites eligible under Criterion C must be in overall good condition with excellent preservation of features, artifacts, and spatial relationships to the extent that these remains are able to illustrate a site type, time period, method of construc- tion, or work of a master. CRITERION D For properties eligible under Criterion D, including archeological sites and standing structures studied for their information potential, less attention is given to their overall condition,;than it they were being considered under Criteria A, B, or C. Archeological sites, in particular, do not exist today exactly as they were formed. There are always cultural and natural processes that alter the deposited materials and their spatial relationships. For properties eligible under Criterion D, integrity is based upon the property's potential to yield specific data that addresses important research questions, such as those identified in the historic context documentation in the Statewide Comprehensive Preservation Plan or in the research design for projects meeting the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Archeological Documenta- tion. INTERIORS Some historic buildings are virtu- ally defined by their exteriors, and their contribution to the built environ- ment can be appreciated even if their interiors are not accessible. Examples of this would include early examples of steel -framed skyscraper construc- tion. The great advance in American technology and engineering made by these buildings can be read from the outside. The change in American popular taste during the 19th century, from the symmetry and simplicity of architectural styles based on classical precedents, to the expressions of High Victorian styles, with their combina- tion of textures, colors, and asym- metrical forms, is readily apparent from the exteriors of these buildings. Other buildings "are" interiors. The Cleveland Arcade, that soaring 19th century glass -covered shopping area, can only be appreciated from the inside. Other buildings in this category would be the great covered train sheds of the 19th century. In some cases the loss of an interior will disqualify properties from listing in the National Register —a historic concert hall noted for the beauty of its auditorium and its fine acoustic qualities would be the type of prop- erty that if it were to lose its interior, it would lose its value as a historic resource. In other cases, the over- arching significance of a property's exterior can overcome the adverse effect of the loss of an interior. In borderline cases particular attention is paid to the significance of the property and the remaining historic features. - HISTORIC DISTRICTS For a district to retain integrity as a whole, the majority of the compo- nents that make up the district's historic character must possess integrity even if they are individually undistinguished. In addition, the relationships among the district's components must be substantially unchanged since the period of signifi- cance. When evaluating the impact of. intrusions upon the district's integ- rity, take into consideration the relative number, size, scale, design, and location of the components that do not contribute to the significance. A district is not eligible if it contains so many alterations or new intrusions that it no longer conveys the sense of a historic environment. A component of a district cannot contribute to the significance if: • it has been substantially altered since the period of the district's significance or • it does not share the historic asso- ciations of the district. VISIBILITY OF PHYSICAL FEATURES Properties eligible under Criteria A, B, and C must not only retain their essential physical features, but the features must be visible enough to convey their significance. This means that even if a property is physically intact, its integrity is questionable if its significant features are concealed under modern construction. Archeo- logical properties are often the exception to this; by nature they usually do not require visible features to convey their significance. - 46 NON -HISTORIC EXTERIORS SUNKEN VESSELS If the historic exterior building material is covered by non -historic material (such as modern siding), the property can still be eligible if the significant form, features, and detail- ing are not obscured. If a property's exterior is covered by a non -historic false -front or curtain wall, the prop- erty will not qualify under Criteria A, B, or C, because it does not retain the visual quality necessary to convey historic or architectural significance. Such a property also cannot be considered a contributing element in a historic district, because it does not add to the district's sense of time and place. If the false front, curtain wall, or non -historic siding is removed and the original building materials are intact, then the property's integrity can be re-evaluated. PROPERTY CONTAINED WITHIN ANOTHER PROPERTY Some properties contain an earlier structure that formed the nucleus for later construction. The exterior property, if not eligible in its own right, can qualify on the basis of the interior property only if the interior property can yield significant infor- mation about a specific construction technique or material, such as rammed earth or tabby. The interior property cannot be used as the basis for eligibility if it has been so altered that it no longer contains the features that could provide important infor- mation, or if the presence of impor- tant information cannot be demon- strated. A sunken vessel can be eligible under Criterion C as embodying the distinctive characteristics of a method of construction if it is structurally intact. A deteriorated sunken vessel, no longer structurally intact, can be eligible under Criterion D if the remains of either the vessel or its contents is capable of yielding signifi- cant information. For further infor- mation, refer to National Register Bulletin: Nominating Historic Vessels and Shipwrecks to the National Register of Historic Places. Natural Features A natural feature that is associated with a historic event or trend, such as a rock formation that served as a trail marker during westward expansion, must retain its historic appearance, unobscured by modern construction or landfill. Otherwise it is not eli- gible, even though it remains intact. COMPARING SIMILAR PROPERTIES For some properties, comparison with similar properties should be considered during the evaluation of integrity. Such comparison maybe important in deciding what physical features are essential to properties of that type. In instances where it has not been determined what physical features a property must possess in order for it to reflect the significance of a historic context, comparison with similar properties should be under- taken during the evaluation of integ- rity. This situation arises when scholarly work has not been done on a particular property type or when surviving examples of a property type are extremely rare. (See Comparing Related Properties in Part V: How to Evaluate a Properly within its Historic Context.) RARE EXAMPLES OF A PROPERTY TYPE Comparative information is particularly important to consider when evaluating the integrity of a property that is a rare surviving example of its type. The property must have the essential physical features that enable it to convey its historic character or information. The rarity and poor condition, however, of other extant examples of the type may justify accepting a greater degree of alteration or fewer features, provided that enough of the property survives for it to be a significant resource. Eligible • A one -room schoolhouse that has had all original exterior siding replaced and a replace- ment roof that does not exactly replicate the original roof pro- file can be eligible if the other extant rare examples have re- ceived an even greater degree of alteration, such as the sub- division of the original one - room plan. Not Eligible • A mill site contains informa- tion on how site patterning re- flects historic functional re- quirements, but parts of the site have been destroyed. The site is not eligible for its infor- mation potential if a compari- son of other mill sites reveals more intact properties with complete information. 47 DETERMINING THE RELEVANT ASPECTS OF INTEGRITY Each type of property depends on certain aspects of integrity, more than others, to express its historic signifi- cance. Determining which of the aspects is most important to a particu- lar property requires an understand- ing of the property's significance and its essential physical features. CRITERIA A AND B A property important for associa- tion with an event, historical pattern, or person(s) ideally might retain some, features of all seven aspects of integ- rity: location, design, setting, materi- als, workmanship, feeling, and association. Integrity of design and workmanship, however, might not be as important to the significance, and would not be relevant if the property were a site. A basic integrity test for a property associated with an important event or person is whether a historical contemporary would recognize the property as it exists today. For archeological sites that are eligible under Criteria A and B, the seven aspects of integrity can be applied in much the same way as they are to buildings, structures, or objects. It is important to note, however, that the site must have demonstrated its ability to convey its significance, as opposed to sites eligible under Crite- rion D where only the potential to yield information is required. Eligible A mid -19th century waterpowered mill important for its association with an area's industrial develop- ment is eligible if: • it is still on its original site (Location), and • the important features of its setting are intact (Setting), and • it retains most of its historic materials (Materials), and • it has the basic features expres- sive of its design and function, such as configuration, propor- tions, and window pattern (Design). Not Eligible A mid -19th century water - powered mill important for its association with an area's indus- trial development is not eligible if: • it has been moved (Location, Setting, Feeling, and Associa- tion), or • substantial amounts of new materials have been incorpo- rated (Materials, Workman- ship, and Feeling), or • it no longer retains basic de- sign features that convey its historic appearance or function (Design, Workman- ship, and Feeling). CRITERION C A property significant under Criterion C must retain those physi- cal features that characterize the type, period, or method of construction that the property represents. Retention of design, workmanship, and materials will usually be more important than location, setting, feeling, and associa- tion. Location and setting will be important, however, for those proper- ties whose design is a reflection of their immediate environment (such as designed landscapes and bridges). For archeological sites that are eligible under Criterion C, the seven aspects of integrity can be applied in much the same way as they are to buildings, structures, or objects. It is important to note, however, that the site must have demonstrated its ability to convey its significance, as opposed to sites eligible under Criterion D where only the potential to yield information is required. Eligible A 19th century wooden covered bridge, important for illustrating a construction type, is eligible if: • the essential features of its de- sign are intact, such as abut- ments, piers, roof configura- tion, and trusses (Design, Workmanship, and Feeling), and • most of the historic materials are present (Materials, Work- manship, and Feeling), and • evidence of the craft of wooden bridge technology re- mains, such as the form and assembly technique of the trusses (Workmanship). • Since the design of a bridge re- lates directly to its function as a transportation crossing, it is also important that the bridge still be situated over a water- way (Setting, Location, Feel- ing, and Association). Not Eligible For a 19th century wooden cov- ered bridge, important for its construction type, replacement of some materials of the flooring, siding, and roofing would not necessarily damage its integrity. Integrity would be lost, however, if: • the abutments, piers, or trusses were substantially altered (De- sign, Workmanship, and Feel- ing) or • considerable amounts of new materials were incorporated • (Materials, Workmanship, and Feeling). • Because environment is a strong factor in the design of this property type, the bridge would also be ineligible if it -no longer stood in a place that conveyed its function as a crossing (Setting, Location, Feeling, and Association). CRITERION D For properties eligible tinder Criterion D, setting and feeling may not have direct bearing on the property's ability to yield important information. Evaluation of integrity probably will focus primarily on the location, design, materials, and perhaps workmanship. Eligible A multicomponent prehistoric site important for yielding data on changing subsistence patterns can be eligible if: • floral or faunal remains are found in clear association with cultural material (Materials and Association) and • the site exhibits stratigraphic separation of cultural compo- nents (Location). Not Eligible A multicomponent prehistoric site important for yielding data on changing subsistence patterns would not be eligible if: • floral or faunal remains were so badly decomposed as to make identification impossible (Materials), or • floral or faunal remains were disturbed in such a manner as to make their association with cultural remains ambiguous (Association), or • the site has lost its strati - graphic context due to subse- quent land alterations (Location). Eligible A lithic scatter site important for yielding data on lithic technology during the Late Archaic period can be eligible if: • the site contains lithic debitage, finished stone tools, hammerstones, or antler Bakers (Material and Design), and • the site contains datable mate- rial (Association). Not Eligible A lithic scatter site important for yielding data on lithic technology during the Late Archaic period would not be eligible if: • the site contains natural de- posits of lithic materials that are impossible to distinguish from culturally modified lithic material (Design) or • the site does not contain any temporal diagnostic evidence that could link the site to the Late Archaic period (Associa- tion). 49 Martin O'Malley, Governor Anthony G. Brown, Lt. Governor Mr. J. Rodney Little State Historic Preservation Officer Maryland Historical Trust 100 Community Place Crownsville MD 21032-2023 Dear Mr. Little: .sw. SMA allon r Adtnintslralion Mmyland Department of'3Yonsporlatlon March 21, 2012 Beverley K. Swaim -Staley, Secretary Melinda B. Peters, Administrator Re: Project No. WA425A21 MD 494 at Fairview Church Road Washington County, Maryland Introduction and Project Description This letter serves to inform the Maryland Historical Trust (MHT) of the Maryland State Highway Administration's (SHA) proposed Project No. WA425A21, geometric improvements to the intersection of MD 494 (Fairview Road) and Fairview Church Road in Washington County, Maryland. SH4 seeks to establish the project's Area of Potential Effects (APE) and to provide. information about SHA's proposed identification efforts for standing structures and archeology. The project consists of realigning MD 494 to the north of the existing road and reconfiguring the roadways to require eastbound traffic on MD 494 to stop at a T -intersection. Additional work includes removal of the old road bed, driveway tie-ins, stormwater management, and creation of bike lanes. A location map is provided as Attachment I and project plans are included as Attachment 2. Funding Federal fonds are anticipated for this project. Area of Potential Effects In determining the Area of Potential Effects (APE) for this project, SHA considered possible visual, audible, atmospheric and/or physical impacts to historic properties, both archeological sites and standing structures that would diminish any NRHP qualifying characteristic of the historic property's integrity. The project will require right-of-way and temporary easements. The archeology survey area within the APE is defined as the worst case limits disturbance (LOD). The APE for standing structures includes the project's LOD, as well as the historic standing structure to the north of the MD 494/Fairview Road intersection where My telephone number/toll-free number is Maryland Relay Service for Impaired Hearing or Speech: 1.800.735.2258 Statewide Toll Free StreetAddress: 707 North Calvert Street • Baltimore, Maryland 21202 • Phone 410.545.0300 • www.roads.maryland.gov Mr. J. Rodney Little MD 494 at Fairview Church Road Page 2 right-of-way will be required and viewshed impacts may occur, as indicated on the attached USGS quadrangle map for Mason-Dixon in Attachment 3. Identification Methods and Results Potentially significant architectural and archeological resources were both researched as part of the historic investigation instigated by the proposed geometric improvements at MD 494 a -Fairview Churc Roa . Architecture: SHA Architectural Historian Anne E. Bruder consulted the SHA-GIS Cultural Resources Database, project plans, the Washington County Tax Database, the Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties (MIHP) and Determination of Eligibility (DOE) forms for Kreigh's Establishment, MIHP No. WA -I-309, Kreigh-Firey-Chambers House, MIHP No. WA - 1 -3 10, and the Village of Fairview, MIHP No. WA -I-3 11, which were all determined to be not eligible for the NRHP as'part of SHA's Hazard Identification Beacon (RIB) Installation Project (Project No. AT839B27) on July 19, 2010, with MHT's'concurrence on September 15, 2010. The Mt. Tabor Lutheran Church (also called the Fairview Church), MIHP No. WA -I-312, is located northeast of MD 494 on Fairview Church Road. It is included in the APE because SHA will require right-of-way from the property and it will also have a view of the intersection improvements. Like other nearby structures, Mt. Tabor was.included in the MIHP in 1977 as part of the Washington County Historical Sites Survey. According to the 1977 MIHP Form, the current church was built in 1909 and replaced a building that was constructed in 1858. The cemetery contains graves that are associated with the mid -nineteenth century church, but there may be even older burials present. The information in the MIHP is dated and SHA will conduct additional research to determine if the church and its cemetery are eligible for the NRHP. Based on a review of the project plans, previous field visits to the project area, and the Washington County Tax Database, there are no additional structures in the project area that are more than fifty years of age. SHA will coordinate eligibility and effects with MHT once the identification studies are completed. Archeology: SHA Archeologist Carol A. Ebright assessed the archeological potential of the survey area through consultation of the SHA-GIS Cultural Resources Database, aerial photographs, secondary sources and historic and environmental maps. A field visit was made on December 13, 2011. There are no recorded archeological sites or prior surveys, although a number of MIHP properties which may have associated archeological resources are present in or adjacent to the survey area. These include the Village of Fairview (WA -I-311), Mt. Tabor Lutheran Church (WA -I-312), and the Kreigh-Firey-Chambers House (WA -I-310). In addition, a large artifact collecting area of R. Fouts has been recorded as an unconfirmed site location (Mason-Dixon Quad File -09) in close proximity to the intersection. Mr. S. Rodney Little MD 494 at Fairview Church Road Page 3 The project area is located in the Great Valley section of the Ridge and Valley physiographic province, typified by karst topography. The proposed realignment shifts the roadway to the north into an agricultural field containing well -drained Opequon silty clay loam soils and limestone outcrops. Located close to tributaries of Rockdale Run and Conococheague Creek, the project area is also about two-thirds of a mile from Conococheague Creek, a major tributary to the Potomac River which has numerous recorded prehistoric archeological sites along its margins. The project ttingg has�mO e iigh prefits ort �c arched ogica pot�nual. Historic maps and atlases (1794, 1808,.1859, 1865, 1877, 1885, 1912, and 1944) suggest that this section of Fairview Road was probably constructed in the mid -19th century, while Fairview Church Road appears to be somewhat older. No prior structures are shown in the area of the proposed realignment, although there is high potential for unmapped fonner structures or other historic period features to be present. The project is likely to impact intact, significant archeological resources, and Phase I archeological survey is being undertaken for this project. As part of the Phase I survey, the potential for unmarked graves associated with Mt. Tabor Lutheran Church being present within the project limits will be investigated. When available, a copy of the draft Phase I report and SHA's recommendations will be forwarded to MET for your review. Review Request Please examine the attached maps and plan . We request your concurrence by April 15, 2012 with the APE. By carbon copy, we invite the Washington County Historic District Commission, the Washington County Historical Trust, Inc., the Maryland Commission on Indian Affairs, and the Youghiogheny River Band of Shawnee to provide comments and participate in the Section 106 process. Relevant federally recognized tribes will also be invited to consult. Pursuant to the requirements of the implementing regulations found at 36 CFR Part 800, SHA seeks their assistance in identifying historic preservation issues as they relate to this specific project (see 36 CFR §800,2(c)(3) and (5), and §800.3(f) for information regarding the identification and participation of consulting parties, and §800.4, and §800.5 regarding the identification of historic properties and assessment of effects). For additional information regarding the Section 106 regulations, see the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's website, www.achp.gov, or contact the Maryland State Highway Administration or the Maryland Historical Trust. If no response is received by April 15, 2012, we will assume that these offices decline to participate. Please call Ms. Anne E. Bruder at 410-545-8559 (or via email at abruder@sha.state.md.us) with questions regarding standing structures for this project. Ms. Carol A. Ebright may be reached at (410) 545-2879 or cebright@sha.state.md.us with concerns regarding archeology. Mr. J. Rodney Little MD 494 at Fairview Church Road Page 4 Very truly yours, Julie M�tsky Assistant Division Chief Attachments: 1) Location Map 2) Project Plans 3) Area of Potential Effects Map cc: Mr. Bob Maimone, SHA-EPLD (w/Attachments) Ms. Anne Bruder, SHA-EPLD (w/Attachments) Ms. Carol Ebright, SHA-EPLD (w/Attachments) Mr. Craig Kenney, SHA-D6 Dr. Julie Schablitsky, SHA-EPLD Mr. Steven Goodrich, Washington County Historic District Commission (w/Attachments) Ms. Pat Schooley, Washington County Historical Trust, Inc. (w/Attachments) Mr. Keith Colston, Maryland Commission on Indian Affairs (w/Attachments) Chief Joseph Crow Neal, Youghiogheny River Band of Shawnee (w/Attachments) Concurrence with the MD State Highway Administration's Determination(s) of Eligibility and/or Effects Project Number: WA425A21 MITT Log No. Project Name: MD 494 at Fairview Church Road County: Washington Letter Date: March 14, 2012 The Maryland Historical Trust has reviewed the documentation attached to the referenced letter and concurs with the MD State Highway Administration's determinations as follows: Agreement with SHA's definition of APE [ ] Concur [] Do Not Concur Eligibility (as noted in the Eligibility Table [N/A]): [J Concur ( ] Do Not Concur Effect (as noted in the Effect Table [N/A]): [ ] No Properties Affected [] No Adverse Effect [ ] Conditioned upon the following action(s) (see comments below) [] Adverse Effect Agreement with FHWA's Section 4(f) criteria of temporary use (as detailed in the referenced letter, if applicable): I] Agree Comments: By: MD State Historic Preservation Office/ Date Maryland Historical Trust Return by U.S: Mail or Facsimile to: Dr. Julie Schablitsky, Assistant Division Chief, Environmental Planning Division, MD State Highway Administration, P.O, Box 717, Baltimore, MD 21203-0717 Telephone: 410-545-8870 and Facsimile: 410-209-5046 Aj,roj 8390 H:. ' ii oh : p' : — r3 < z 3 JiiiS6a d ti �9< I:, t I v �qh rt(a F A W9. yay. I ' m 0.bll S IL I • , •9�^ag'•₹I PC s]a ]eerea n �S . oq- 9 of Md II iiih $hpy H3 asp$®a �� a .....:..,..,,<..,. � l • \ NO,WJ1 AOyW1 O 6004 LIO A OH ama -'Aft S310H 111m 4- • ( S]10H 118• S310H iiwo- 1- Attachrnent3: APE Map SHA Project No. WA425A21 MD 494 at Fairview Church. Road Geometric Improvements Washington County Mason-Dixon 7.5' USGS Quadrangle �`>.. FairolewcR WA -k311 311 z s WA 1310 aea ; A" / WA I-309 Li0 G ++ i o,_ v. ° xr 1{�ckwlUc�d .. all ieLdMi.. DESCRIPTION CONDITION CHECK ONE CHECK ONE $EXCELLENT _DETERIORATED _UNALTERED )LORIGINAL SITE —GOOD _RUINS XJ,LTERED Q 50% —MOVED DATE —FAIR _UNEXPOSED DESCRIBETHE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL (IF KNOWN) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE This fariastead is located on the west side of Fairview Bond just mouth of the village of Fairview northwest of liageratoti in Washington County, Maryland. The house is situated on low lying ground near a small brook and faces northeast, toward the road. On the opposite side of Fairview Read, north of the house is a large brick bank barn. The house in a two story, six bay brick dwelling resting on low fieldstone foundations. Most notable about its facade is the recessed, double porch which appears to be centered in the wall and which is included under the main roof span. This gives the front elevation a very sym- metrical appearance. The entire building has been painted white. Flemish bond brick work has been employed at the front elevation while American or common bonding is used at the other walls. Flat arches of brick are present above most window and door openings. Windows and doors appear to have been placed.syimuatrically in the front elevation. Windows have narrow casings with a large bead at the inside edge and hold six over six pane double hung sashes. The windows are flanked with pairs of shutters with movable louvers. The main entrance is located in the third bay from the east corner of the front elevation Another door is located above it at the second story level of the porch. The double porch is supported by chamfered square posts between which runs a balustrade with diagonal and vertical balusters forming a lattice work pattern. At the first story level, the porch has been en- closed with modern jalousie windows. The roof of the house is sheathed with sheet metal and extends beyond the end walls. The eaves, barge areas and returns are trimmed with massive scroll brackets, more, elaborate than most to be found on Washington County's rural houses. The brackets are mounted on a wide frieze. Brick chiamneys with several courses of corbeling at their tops are, located inside the end walls. Another chimney extends from the center of the house. A cemetery is located on a hill behind the barn. It is a Kreigh family grave yard where early owners of this property lie buried. The buildings on the 23.14 acre property appear .to be in. excellent condition. CONTINUE ON SEPARATE SHEET IF NECESSARY fl SIGNIFICANCE 1�A 1.307 PERIOD AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE --CHECK AND JUSTIFY BELOW - -PREHISTORIC -ARCH EULOGY.PREHISTO RIC -COMMUNITY PLANNING _LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE _RELIGION _14001499 _ARCHEOLOGY.HISTORIC _CONSERVATION '_LAW _SCIENCE —16001599 XJIGRICULTURe _ECONOMICS _LITERATURE _SCULPTURE —1600-1699 XARCHITECTURE _EDUCATION _MILITARY —SOCIALJHUMANITARIAN _17001799 __ART - —ENGINEERING —MUSIC _THEATER Xiaoo-1899 Mid _COMMERCE _EXPLOHATIOWSETTLEMENT _PHILOSOPHY _TRANSPORTATION _1900- _COMMUNICATIONS _INDUSTRY _POLITICS/GOVERNMENT _OTHER (SPECIFYI JNVENTION SPECIFIC DATES STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE BUILDER/ARCHITECT The two principal buildings in this group are a large two story brick house which appears to date from the mid 19th century and a brick end bank barn. The house has several notable fea- tures, such as its inset double porch centered in the front elevation and elaborate scroll brackets along the eaves and barge areas. The barn is a good esasple'of such a structure also probably dating from the mid 19th century an do moot brick end barns in Washington County. Hot s with recessed double porches along part of the front elevation are a prominent archi- tectural type in Washington County and the lower Cumberland Valley, most dated examples having been built between 1840 and 1865. The majority of houses following thin plan have the double porch at one end of the front wall. This house in unusual with its porch centered in the front wall. Thus, this house in much more symtetrical at the front elevation than most dwel- lings with recessed double porches. The house and barn were presumably built by the Firey (also spelled Fiery) family, John Firey having acquired the farm from Jacob Moats on April 21, 1851. .In 1881, Frisby'Spickler bought the farm from Mary Fiery (82/100). It wag then in the Ankaney family until 1915 when it was again in the Fiery family (147/713, 113/662, 113/661). Those three families have hold prop- erty in the area during the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. The farm is part of a land grant called "Kreigh'n Establishment." The Kreigh family cemetery is located on a hill behind the barn. Although it ma.once on the same property as the house and barn, the present acreage does not include the grave yav'd. CONTINUE ON SEPARATE SHEET IF NECESSARY WIA c -3a7 - MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Washington County Land Records. CONTINUE ON SEPARATE SHEET IF NECE$$ARY J GEOGRAPHICAL DATA ACREAGE OF NOMINATED PROPERTY 23.14 acres VERBAL BOUNDARY DESCRIPTION Li ST ALL STATER AN DCOUNTIES POR PROPERTIES OVER LA P('INfi STATEOR COUNTY BOUNDARIES - .. STATE COUNTY FORM PREPARED BY NAME /TITLE Paula Stoner Dickey, Consultant ORGANIZATION - _ lTennaiy 1977 , . . Hashingten CotIntyHistorical'Sites Survey STREET'&NUMBER - TELEPHONE County Office aildingy 33 West wa®hington Street. 791-3065 CITY OR TOWN STATE Hagerstown Maryland 21740 The Maryland Historic Sites Inventory was officially created by an Act of the Maryland Legislature, to be found in the Annotated Code of Maryland, Article 41, Section 181 KA, 1974 supplement. The Survey and Inventory are being prepared for information and record purposes only and do not constitute any infringe- ment of individual property rights. RETURN TO: Maryland Historical Trust The Shaw House, 21 State Circle Annapolis, Maryland 21401 (301) 267-1438 F ='y a r MI OAKLETT i WA —I-309 1 I p - v..e-ew�w'momr�cc Cl- AL APP A EARAN'E. ` r } 5 C z. i UEON SEAATSHEET.SF NECESSARY. tt ii 'lA ₹'-: '::k Copy. fl WA -I-311 MARYLAND HISTORICAL TRUST District 13 Map 'S MRcr INVENTORY FORM FOR STATE HISTORIC SITES SURVEY `cIj AME HISTORIC COMMON rairview, Maryland' .LOCATION STREET & NUMBER Maryland route 494 CITY.TOWN p- ...�� '- CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT' Fairview - x VICINITY OF Haegrstown-Clear 'Spring' ..- .... - rroiury .. aer7aw - CLASSIFICATION CATEGORY DISTRICT _BUILDINGISI -STRUCTURE -SITE -OBJECT OWN€RSHIP _PUBLIC X PRIVATE _BOTH PUBLIC ACQUISITION _IN PROCESS -BEING CONSIDERED OWNER OF PROPERTY NAME & NUMBER STATUS OCCUPIED UNOCCUPIED -WORK IN PROGRESS ACCESSIBLE _YES: RESTRICTED _YES: UNRESTRICTED x NO .. . PRESENT USE _AGRICULTURE -MUSEUM _COMMERCIAL _PARK .EDUCATIONAL g PRIVATE RESIDENCE -ENTERTAINMENT _RELIGIOUS _GOVERNMENT .SCIENTIFIC _INDUSTRIAL —TRANSPORTATION _MILITARY —OTHER. STATE, Z1P code CITY. TOWN VICINITY OF ©LOCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTION Liber #; COURTHOUSE. Folio #: REGISTRY OF DEEDS; ETC. Washington County Court House STREET & NUMBER West Washington Street CITY. TOWN STATE REPRESENTATION IN EXISTING SURVEYS TITLE DATE _FEDERAL _STATE _COUNTY FOCAL SURVEY RECORDS CITY, TOWN ®DESERIPTION CONDITION CHECK ONE CHECK ONE EXCELLENT _DETERIORATED _UNALTERED x ORIGINAL SITE K GOOD -RUINS !ALTERED 4 50X _MOVED DATE -PAIR _UNEXPOSED DESCRIBE THE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL (IF KNOWN) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE The village of Fairview is located along Maryland route 494 just south-of.its . junction with Welsh Run Road near the Mason-Dixon Line, about eight miles northwest of Nagerstovn in Wash- ington County. It consists of fewer than a dozen houses which appear to date from the late 19th century and line the state road. Most of they are located along its west side. Nestled among the houses is a one story, three bay frame building. Appearing to date from the turn of the century it served as a store and gas station. A Plying -A gas pi of the type used during the late 1940's and early 1950'• stands in front of the building. The store is sheathed with Carat siding and is situated with its gable end facing the road. Its win- dows are covered with pairs of four panel shutters. Other structures in the village are of wood construction, apparently frame. Moat of the houses have small barns and outbuildings at the back of their lots. Buildings in the village appear to be in good condition. CONTINUE ON SEPARATE SHEET IF NECESSARY n SIGNIFICANCE PERIOD AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE --CHECK AND JUSTIFY BELOW _PREHISTORIC _ARCHEOLOGY -PREHISTORIC _COMMUNITY PLANNING _LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE _REUGION _1400-1499 ARCHEOLOGY -HISTORIC -CONSERVATION _LAW -SCIENCE AGRICULTURE -ECONOMICS -LITERATURE SCULPTURE _1500-1599 _1600.1699 $.ARCHITECTURE -EDUCATION _MILITARY 1SOCIAVHUMANITARIAN -1700-1799 ART -ENGINEERING _MUSIC -THEATER 8.1800.1899 YCOMMERCE —EXPLORATION/SETTLEMENT _PHILOSOPHY —TRANSPORTATION _1900. .COMMUNICATIONS JNDUSTRY —POUTICS/GOVERNMENT _OTHER (SPECIFY) _INVENTION SPECIFIC DATES BUILDER/ARCHITECT STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Fairview is a small rural village located about four miles northwest of Hagerstown just south of the Mason-Dixon Line. Consisting of approximately eight primary structures apparently dating from the late 19th century, Fairview is representative of a number of tiny commities which dot Washington County. Fairview was presumably settled by the Kreigh. Fiery and Spickler families during the 19th century. Part of the land on which the village is situated was a laf" grant called "Kraigh'a Establishment." The Kreigh family cemetery is located on a hill jua_ south of the village and members of the Fiery and Spickler families still own land near Fairview. CONTINUE ON SEPARATE SHEET IF NECESSARY MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES CONTINUE ON SEPARATE SHEET IF NECESSARY mi GEOGRAPHICAL DATA ACREAGE OF NOMINATED PROPERTY 10 acres + VERBAL BOUNDARY DESCRIPTION LIST ALL STATfS AND COUNTIES FOR PAO ERTIES OVERLAPPING -STATE OR COUNTY BOUNDARIES STATE .. STATE COUNTY ®FORM PREPARED BY NAME / TITLE Paula Stoner Dickey. Consultant ORGANIZATION DATE Washington County Historical Sites Survey July 1977 STREET& NUMBER TELEPHONE County Office Building, 33 West Washington Street 791-3065 CITY OR TOWN STATE Hagerstown Maryland 21740 The Maryland Historic Sites Inventory was officially created by an Act of the Maryland Legislature, to be found in the Annotated Code of Maryland, Article 41, Section 181 KA, 1974 Supplement. The Survey and Inventory are being prepared for information and record purposes only and do not constitute any infringe- ment of individual property rights. RETURN TO: Maryland Historical Trust The Shaw House, 21 State Circle Annapolis, Maryland 21401 (301) 267-1438 PS- Iwo T.7dmT...41 9 : /1 DESCRIPTION CONDITION CHECK ONE CHECK ONE X EXCELLENT DETERIORATED _UNALTERED Y ORIGINAL SITE -GOOD _RUINS x_ALTERED C 50% _MOVED DATE _FAIR _UNEXPOSED DESCRIBE THE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL (IF KNOWN) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE The Mt. Tabor Lutheran Church is located on the west side of Welsh Run Road just north of the village of Fairview and south of the Mason-Dixon Line in Washington County, Maryland. Built in 1909, the church is an L-shaped brick structure resting on stone foundations. It is three bays wide at each gable with a one bay bell and entrance tower located in the angle of the L. The walls are constructed in American or common bond with horizontal bands of decgra- tive corbeling above the windows and doors. Lining the openings are double arches of header bricks. Centered in the gables and in. the faces of the tower are round windows encompassed by a single course of header bricks. Windows and doors are tall and narrow with pointed or gothic arches. In the gable walls, one large window in the center is flanked by two that are smaller. The main entrance is located in the south facade of the bell tower. The roof is steeply pitched sheathed with slate and extends beyond the end walls. The tower has a two tiered roof, the lower portion being hipped and supporting the belfrey which has a curved hip roof terminating with a finial. A band of decorative slates trimsthe roof sure. The belfrey roof is carried by square wooden posts with decorative brackets. Between the runs a wooden balustrade with turned balusters. The church appears to be in excellent condition. It replaces a wooden church building which was constructed in 1Q58. North of the church is the cemetery where the surnames Firey, Cox, Cook, Reed and THsherd were observed. CONTINUE ON SEPARATE SHEET IF NECESSARY Z SIGNIFICANCE PERIOD AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE ---CHECK AND JUSTIFY BELOW _PREHISTORIC -ARCHEOLOGY-PREHISTORIC -COMMUNITY PLANNING _LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE x_RELIGION -1400-1499 -ARCHEOLOGY-HISTORIC _CONSERVATION _LAW _SCIENCE -1600-1599 -AGRICULTURE v -ECONOMICS _LITERATURE _SCULPTURE _1500-1699 `-ARCHITECTURE _EDUCATION _MILITARY _SOCIAL/HUMANITARIAN -1700-1799 __ART _ENGINEERING -MUSIC -THEATER -1800.1899 _COMMERCE _EXPLORATION/SETTLEMENT _PHILOSOPHY _TRANSPORTATION X1900- -COMMUNICATIONS -INDUSTRY _POLITICS/GOVERNMENT _OTHER (SPECIFY) _JNVENTION SPECIFIC DATES 1909 BUILDER/ARCHITECT STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Built in 1909, the brick lit. Tabor Lutheran Church of simple gothic -inspired design, replaced an earlier wooden church dated 1858. It appears to have served a number of local families and remains active at the present time. The church building, located near Fairview in T?ash- ington County is larger than most rural churches. CONTINUE ON SEPARATE SHEET IF NECESSARY LJ> Z .;i2 MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Scharf, J. Thomas, History of Western Maryland. Philadelphia, Pa: J.B. Lippencot 1882. CONTINUE ON $ERARATE SHEET IF NECESSARY Mi GEOGRAPHICAL DATA ACREAGE OF NOMINATED PROPERTY 1 acre + VERBAL OUNDARY DESCRIPTION - LIST ALL STATES AND COUNTIES FOR PROPERTIES OVERLAPPING STATE OR COUNTY BOUNDARIES STATE COUNTY COUNTY ifiFORM PREPARED BY NAME/TITLE Paula Stoner Dickey, Consultant ORGANIZATION DATE Washington County Historical Sites Survey July 1977 STREET & NUMBER TELEPHONE County Office Building, 33 West Washington Street 791-3065 CITY OR TOWN STATE Hagerstown Maryland 21740 The Maryland Historic Sites Inventory was officially created by an Act of the Maryland Legislature, to be found in the Annotated Code of Maryland, Article 41, Section 181 KA, 1974 Supplement. The Survey and Inventory are being prepared for information and record purposes only and do not constitute any infringe- ment of individual property rights. RETURN TO: Maryland Historical Trust The Shaw House, 21 State Circle Annapolis, Maryland 21401 (301) 267-1438 Pf- 1101 kL 5 $ -. .... .....mot .......... ... .... u.:.... ... .... �:..... .::............ ......... .: f. 2 x• J � ., i six i�tf. F . i...,ilr. �:.. ��d'� �. "'r" �• . .g s iAx. -'. r �a ..a ...f re rI*% C Ji YI °?c �u�'F^tfi' k �r^•,,4•.-ixs,,'.^.-t.,:r. a F`��.... %fir y 4.; i.. ~ - \ � » . . � � v • w � � :��� � � / � _.. .v,: ...,...aa � s 21 � f ., a � 1 ^mss y r 6 f t �v